Performance Optimization

Performance Optimization Skill

Optimize application performance, reduce latency, and improve resource usage.

When to Use

Use this skill when the user wants to:

• Analyze application performance
• Identify bottlenecks and slow code
• Optimize database queries
• Reduce memory usage
• Improve rendering performance
• Minimize load times
• Optimize network requests
• Profile and measure performance

Performance Metrics

Core Metrics

• Latency: Response time (ms)
• Throughput: Requests per second
• Memory usage: Heap size, allocation
• CPU usage: CPU time, load
• Time to First Byte (TTFB): Server response time
• Time to Interactive (TTI): Time to become interactive
• First Contentful Paint (FCP): Time to first paint
• Largest Contentful Paint (LCP): Largest element paint time

Browser Metrics

• FCP: First Contentful Paint
• LCP: Largest Contentful Paint
• FID: First Input Delay
• CLS: Cumulative Layout Shift
• TTI: Time to Interactive
• INP: Interaction to Next Paint

Optimization Strategies

Code Optimization

Algorithm Complexity

// O(n²) → O(n) or O(log n)
// Bad: Nested loops
for (let i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {
  for (let j = 0; j < items.length; j++) {
    process(items[i], items[j]);
  }
}

// Good: Use Set for O(1) lookups
const uniqueItems = new Set(items);
for (const item of items) {
  if (uniqueItems.has(item)) {
    process(item);
  }
}

Caching

// In-memory cache
const cache = new Map();

function getExpensiveData(key) {
  if (cache.has(key)) {
    return cache.get(key);
  }
  const data = expensiveOperation();
  cache.set(key, data);
  return data;
}

// Cache expiration
setTimeout(() => cache.delete(key), 5 * 60 * 1000); // 5 minutes

Lazy Loading

// Lazy initialization
let heavyModule = null;

function getHeavyModule() {
  if (!heavyModule) {
    heavyModule = import('./heavy-module.js');
  }
  return heavyModule;
}

Debouncing/Throttling

// Debounce (execute once after inactivity)
function debounce(func, wait) {
  let timeout;
  return function() {
    clearTimeout(timeout);
    timeout = setTimeout(() => func.apply(this, arguments), wait);
  };
}

// Throttle (execute at most once per period)
function throttle(func, limit) {
  let inThrottle;
  return function() {
    if (!inThrottle) {
      func.apply(this, arguments);
      inThrottle = true;
      setTimeout(() => inThrottle = false, limit);
    }
  };
}

Database Optimization

Query Optimization

-- Use indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_user_email ON users(email);

-- Avoid SELECT *
SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE email = ?;

-- Use JOIN instead of subqueries
SELECT * FROM users u JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id WHERE o.status = 'paid';

-- Limit result size
SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 100;

N+1 Query Problem

// Bad: N+1 queries
users.forEach(user => {
  const orders = db.getOrders(user.id); // N queries
});

// Good: Single query
const usersWithOrders = db.getUsersWithOrders();

Frontend Optimization

Rendering Optimization

// Virtual DOM (React)
// React only re-renders changed components

// Memoization
const expensiveComponent = React.memo(expensiveComponent);

// Code splitting
const LazyComponent = React.lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent'));

Asset Optimization

// Image optimization
- Use modern formats (WebP, AVIF)
- Responsive images
- Lazy loading images
- Compression (gzip, Brotli)
- Minify HTML/CSS/JS

Bundle Optimization

// Tree shaking
import { util, helper } from './utils.js'; // Only import used exports

// Lazy loading routes
const Dashboard = React.lazy(() => import('./Dashboard'));

Network Optimization

Request Optimization

// Fetch with cache
fetch(url, {
  headers: {
    'Cache-Control': 'max-age=3600' // Cache for 1 hour
  }
});

// Parallel requests
Promise.all([
  fetch('/api/user'),
  fetch('/api/orders'),
  fetch('/api/settings')
]);

Compression

// Gzip compression
app.use(compression());

// Use modern compression
npm install compression

Memory Optimization

Memory Leaks

// Remove event listeners
component.removeEventListener('click', handleClick);

// Clear timers
clearInterval(timer);
clearTimeout(timeout);

// Null references
component = null;

Object Pooling

// Reuse objects instead of creating new ones
class ObjectPool {
  constructor(createFn, resetFn, initialSize = 10) {
    this.pool = [];
    this.createFn = createFn;
    this.resetFn = resetFn;

    for (let i = 0; i < initialSize; i++) {
      this.pool.push(createFn());
    }
  }

  get() {
    return this.pool.length > 0 ? this.pool.pop() : this.createFn();
  }

  release(obj) {
    this.resetFn(obj);
    this.pool.push(obj);
  }
}

Performance Profiling

Browser Profiling

// Chrome DevTools
1. Open DevTools (F12)
2. Performance tab
3. Record, interact, stop
4. Analyze timeline

// React Profiler
<React.Profiler id="Component"
  <Component />
</React.Profiler>

Node.js Profiling

# Profile CPU usage
node --prof app.js

# Analyze flame graph
node --prof-process isolate-*.log > profile.txt

# Async hook profiler
node --prof-harmony app.js

Tooling

Lighthouse

• Web performance auditing
• Accessibility
• Best practices
• SEO

WebPageTest

• Real-world testing
• Different locations
• Network simulation
• Deep technical analysis

Bundle Analyzer

// Analyze bundle size
npm install --save-dev @next/bundle-analyzer
// Next.js uses webpack-bundle-analyzer

Benchmarking

// Simple benchmark
console.time('Operation');
doExpensiveOperation();
console.timeEnd('Operation');

// Benchmark.js
const Benchmark = require('benchmark');
const suite = new Benchmark.Suite;

suite
  .add('Function A', () => { /* ... */ })
  .add('Function B', () => { /* ... */ })
  .on('cycle', (event) => {
    console.log(String(event.target));
  })
  .run({ async: true });

Performance Budget

Set Performance Targets

• First Contentful Paint: < 1.8s
• Largest Contentful Paint: < 2.5s
• Time to Interactive: < 3.8s
• Cumulative Layout Shift: < 0.1
• Total Bundle Size: < 200KB (gzipped)

Deliverables

• Performance optimization report
• Optimized code
• Profile analysis
• Before/after comparison
• Documentation

Quality Checklist

• Performance is measured
• Bottlenecks are identified
• Optimizations are targeted
• No side effects introduced
• Baseline established
• Performance is monitored
• Metrics tracked over time