Rtt

rtt — SEGGER RTT transport and console

RTT is nothing but RAM: a control block _SEGGER_RTT (starts with the magic string "SEGGER RTT") plus per-channel ring buffers {sName, pBuffer, SizeOfBuffer, WrOff, RdOff, Flags}. The target advances WrOff; the host must write RdOff back to free space — a reader that only reads never drains the ring. Channel 0 is the "Terminal" console; SystemView claims its own "SysView" up-buffer on the same control block — they coexist. The debug probe reads/writes this RAM while the core runs, so everything here is zero-wiring: no UART, no VCOM.

Scope: byte transport and console. Timing/profiling → etm-trace/sysview; debugging decision flows and the wedged-target drain model → target-debug; Espressif consoles → esp-target-debug (USB-Serial-JTAG, no SEGGER RTT).

Quick start — console on a J-Link probe

Use the skill's tool tools/rtt.py for every route; do not hand-roll JLinkExe/JLinkGDBServer/openocd/telnet pipelines (--help for all modes):

# firmware: TU_LOG + stdio → RTT channel 0 (hw/bsp/board.c routes sys_read too)
cmake -DBOARD=<board> -DLOG=2 -DLOGGER=rtt ...   # Make: LOG=2 LOGGER=rtt

# flash + reset FIRST (the console owns the probe once open), then:
python3 tools/rtt.py --backend jlink --probe <serial> --device <JLINK_DEVICE> --seconds 20
#   -i forwards stdin to the target; --seconds 0 streams until Ctrl-C/EOF

JLINK_DEVICE comes from hw/bsp/<family>/boards/<board>/board.cmake (or family.cmake). Always pass the probe serial — rigs and benches run several probes, and the ninja <example>-jlink flash target grabs whichever J-Link enumerates first: pin it (-DJLINK_OPTION="-USB <serial>") or flash with JLinkExe -SelectEmuBySN. The HIL harness uses the same implementation (hil_util.JlinkRtt) via a board's "logger": "rtt" (jlink flashers only) plus a single self-named variant carrying the define — "variant": [{"name": "<board>", "defines": ["LOGGER=rtt"]}], the roster's one shape for always-on defines — variant defines feed hil_test.py --build and the CI matrix; a prebuilt cmake-build-<board> set must be configured with the same -DLOGGER=rtt itself. Keep harness console builds quiet (LOGGER=rtt WITHOUT LOG=2): reset-then-attach only preserves what fits the up-buffer (stock 1 KB, NO_BLOCK_SKIP), and a chatty boot burst truncates at the ring boundary before the drain attaches — measured 1022-1023 B captures on ea4088 with LOG=2, enumeration lines falling off the end. BUFFER_SIZE_UP is the knob when verbose logs are really needed. Rig boards need hil_lock.py held first — see the hil skill.

To validate bidirectionality end-to-end you need firmware that both polls the console AND replies via printf. board_test polls board_getchar() (RTT-aware via sys_read) but echoes through board_putchar → board_uart_write, which is NOT LOGGER-aware — on a UART-less board the echo hits the -1 stub and vanishes (measured on ea4088). For a validation run, patch its echo to printf locally, or drive a host example's menu (msc_file_explorer, cdc_msc_hid — they reply via printf). Sending keystrokes to cdc_msc and expecting an echo proves nothing: it never polls the console.

Transport matrix

Validated boards, directions and per-board caveats: boards.md.

Capture: J-Link route

rtt.py above is this route packaged. Raw form (what it runs):

JLinkExe -USB <serial> -device <dev> -if swd -speed 4000 -NoGui 1 -AutoConnect 1 \
         -RTTTelnetPort <port>     # keep stdin open; 'exit' tears it down
nc localhost <port>                # JLinkRTTClient minus the banner; carries input too

Commander keeps hunting for the control block and delivers the buffered boot burst once the target's first printf creates it. JLinkGDBServer -RTTTelnetPort also serves the port but on some parts (measured: LPC4088) never locates the control block unless a GDB client attaches — fine inside a GDB session, a silent failure headless — and it briefly halts the core on connect (measured), which matters for timing-sensitive repros; Commander does not. One telnet client per port at a time.

Capture: OpenOCD route (native probes: ST-Link, CMSIS-DAP)

This is the LIVE route — WCH-Link targets are SDI and get only the halt→dump route (transport matrix). Same script, openocd backend (--elf = the FLASHED elf; the script takes the exact control-block address from nm — a full-RAM scan is slower and can match stale RAM after a soft reset):

python3 tools/rtt.py --backend openocd --probe <serial> \
  --cfg "-f interface/stlink.cfg -f target/stm32h7x.cfg" --elf <flashed.elf> --seconds 20
#   --channel: up-buffer index (0 = "Terminal" console, 1 = SystemView's "SysView"
#   buffer in TinyUSB builds); -i forwards stdin → down-buffer 0
#   --vid-pid "0x2e8a 0x000c": pin the probe by USB IDs (with or instead of --probe;
#   also keeps openocd discovery off foreign usbfs nodes)
#   --addr 0x2000xxxx: explicit control-block address when the flashed elf is not at hand
#   --reset-before-attach: reset the target INSIDE the session (2 s settle, then
#   attach — the control block must exist before `rtt start` can find it; the ring's
#   NO_BLOCK_SKIP head-retention is what preserves byte 0 across the settle) —
#   required for streams that only decode from byte 0
#   (SystemView emits its Init record, carrying the timestamp frequency, once at boot;
#   a mid-flight attach yields a stream no decoder can lock onto). Verified on
#   stm32h743nucleo: after the ring is drained, a plain attach misses the boot preamble
#   entirely and this flag captures it. NOT for SAMD5x (an in-session reset via the DSU
#   leaves the core held) or WCH SDI.

What it runs: openocd <cfg> -c "adapter serial <sn>" -c init -c "rtt setup <nm-addr> 0x800 \"SEGGER RTT\"" -c "rtt polling_interval 1" -c "rtt start" -c "rtt server start <port> <ch>", then a socket on that port.

Attach WITHOUT reset when the flash step already reset the board (on SAMD5x, an in-session reset run goes through the DSU CPU Reset Extension and leaves the core held). After any reset the target's offsets restart at zero while the server holds stale ones, and the tool exposes no console to type into (it launches openocd with tcl/gdb/telnet ports disabled): stop the capture and run it again to resync — do not reset mid-capture if you can avoid it. rtt start fails while the block doesn't exist yet: it appears at the firmware's first RTT write, so reset, settle ~500 ms, then start. Read AND write validated on the ci rig's 8 native-probe boards (ST-Link + CMSIS-DAP, incl. RP2350), end-to-end through this script's backend on all 8 — per-board rows in boards.md. OpenOCD polls, and host-side loss is invisible to the target's overflow counter: at the default 100 ms interval a busy stream loses most samples (measured 2066 of 5064 events/s delivered on stm32f407disco) — rtt polling_interval 1 is mandatory for quantitative capture, not a tuning nicety. Prefer SEGGER tools where a J-Link exists.

Post-mortem: reading the ring without a live server

Default log mode is NO_BLOCK_SKIP: with no reader draining, the ring holds the first KB after boot, not the tail — interpretation rules in target-debug. To keep the last N bytes instead, the firmware must log via SEGGER_RTT_WriteWithOverwriteNoLock (target drags RdOff itself; no host needed) — but SEGGER's own restriction comes with it: "Do not use SEGGER_RTT_WriteWithOverwriteNoLock if a J-Link connection reads RTT data" (lib/SEGGER_RTT/RTT/SEGGER_RTT.c), because the target moving RdOff races the host reader. So it is for firmware you dump post-mortem, never for a board that also runs a live console (every HIL rtt board does). Reading a wedged target's ring — debug-AP RAM reads don't halt the core:

python3 tools/rtt.py --backend jlink --dump ring.bin \
  --probe <serial> --device <JLINK_DEVICE> --elf <flashed.elf>   # or --addr 0x...
# prints pBuffer/Size/WrOff/RdOff; WrOff/RdOff delimit the valid bytes

(What it runs, for hand-driving JLinkExe: nm the ELF for _SEGGER_RTT, mem32 <addr+0x18>, 6 = aUp[0] {sName,pBuffer,Size,WrOff,RdOff,Flags}, then savebin <file> <pBuffer> <SizeOfBuffer>.)

Buffer modes and locking (target side)

• Modes: NO_BLOCK_SKIP (default for logs — drops whole writes when full), NO_BLOCK_TRIM, BLOCK_IF_FIFO_FULL (target spins — dangerous in ISRs).
• Throughput is drain-limited: measured 24.6 KiB/s over a J-Link console against a saturating printf loop, with the drops happening at the target. RTT console output is NOT lossless under load; for high-bandwidth streams size the buffer up (SystemView needs 2048–8192) and watch for overflow.
• Non-ARM ports must supply SEGGER_RTT_LOCK/UNLOCK: the vendored generic RISC-V lock uses mstatus CSRs that trap (mcause=2) on WCH QingKe. A working WCH port exists but is unmerged (maintainer branch claude/add-systemview-debug, not on master): hw/bsp/ch583/sysview_rtt_lock_wch.h (brace-scoped save/restore of CSR 0x800), and the shared hw/bsp/sysview_rtt_conf_wch.h that ch32v20x/ch32v30x family.cmake force-include to win the include-guard race against the vendored conf.

Common mistakes

• Attaching before the first printf — the control block is zeroed .bss until the firmware's first RTT write; early readers see nothing (and RTTLogger gives up for good). Commander/rtt.py keep hunting.
• Sending input before the server finds the control block — the J-Link telnet route silently DROPS client bytes until then (measured on the rig: an instant ping vanished, a delayed one echoed). rtt.py -i holds stdin until target output flows (or 5 s); when driving the raw socket yourself, wait for output before writing.
• Resetting while a console is attached — flash and reset first; the console owns the probe until closed.
• Killing servers with pkill -f — the pattern matches your own shell's cmdline (and unrelated sessions): a compound command that pkills its wrapper then re-reads a stale log misdiagnosed a healthy probe for an hour. Close rtt.py with Ctrl-C/--seconds (its teardown reaps the whole process group); if you must pattern-kill, bracket a char: pkill -f '[J]LinkExe -USB <serial>'.
• Unpinned flash with several probes attached — pin by serial, always.
• Two probes wired to one SWD header — wedges the target; rewire.
• Expecting an echo from firmware that never reads the console — only code polling board_getchar() consumes down-buffer 0 (board_test does).
• Full-RAM rtt setup scans — can lock onto a stale pre-reset block; use the nm address.