Etl Processes

ETL Process Implementation

This skill covers implementing Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) processes with focus on data quality, performance, and maintainability for analytics workloads.

When to use this skill

Use this skill when you need to:

• Build data warehouse ETL processes
• Migrate data between systems
• Prepare data for analytics and reporting
• Implement data cleansing and standardization
• Create data mart loading processes

Prerequisites

• Source system access and understanding
• Target data warehouse design
• ETL tool or programming framework
• Understanding of data modeling (star schema, snowflake)

Guidelines

ETL vs ELT

ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)

• Transform before loading
• Best for: Complex transformations, data quality critical
• Tools: Informatica, Talend, Python pandas

ELT (Extract, Load, Transform)

• Load raw data first, transform in warehouse
• Best for: Cloud data warehouses, big data
• Tools: dbt, Fivetran, Matillion

Extraction Strategies

Full Extract

• Extract all data every run
• Use for: Small tables, initial loads
• Cons: Resource intensive, slow

Incremental Extract

• Extract only changed data
• Methods: CDC, timestamp columns, checksums
• Use for: Large tables, frequent updates

# Incremental extraction example
def extract_incremental(table, last_extract_time):
    query = f"""
        SELECT * FROM {table}
        WHERE updated_at > '{last_extract_time}'
        OR created_at > '{last_extract_time}'
    """
    return execute_query(query)

Transformation Patterns

Cleansing

• Remove duplicates
• Handle null values (impute or flag)
• Standardize formats (dates, phone numbers)
• Validate against reference data

Enrichment

• Join with dimension tables
• Calculate derived metrics
• Add surrogate keys
• Apply business rules

Aggregation

• Pre-compute summaries
• Roll up to different granularities
• Pivot/unpivot data structures

Loading Strategies

Full Load

• Truncate and load (for small dimensions)
• Use for: Reference data, slowly changing dimensions Type 1

Incremental Load

• Insert new records
• Update changed records (SCD Type 2)
• Delete orphaned records

-- SCD Type 2 implementation
MERGE INTO dim_customers AS target
USING staging_customers AS source
ON target.customer_id = source.customer_id
WHEN MATCHED AND target.hash <> source.hash THEN
    UPDATE SET end_date = CURRENT_DATE, is_current = FALSE
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
    INSERT (customer_id, name, email, start_date, is_current)
    VALUES (source.customer_id, source.name, source.email, CURRENT_DATE, TRUE);

Data Quality Framework

Dimensions of Data Quality

• Completeness: Are all required fields populated?
• Uniqueness: Are there duplicate records?
• Validity: Do values conform to expected formats?
• Consistency: Is data consistent across systems?
• Timeliness: Is data fresh and up-to-date?

Implementation

def validate_data(df):
    checks = {
        'completeness': df.notnull().mean() > 0.95,
        'uniqueness': df['id'].is_unique,
        'validity': df['email'].str.contains('@').all(),
        'freshness': df['created_at'].max() > datetime.now() - timedelta(days=1)
    }
    return checks

Best Practices

Performance Optimization

• Use bulk loading APIs
• Process data in batches
• Implement parallel processing
• Use appropriate indexing on target tables

Error Handling

• Implement retry logic
• Log all transformation errors
• Continue processing valid records
• Alert on critical failures

Monitoring

• Track row counts (source vs target)
• Monitor job duration trends
• Alert on SLA breaches
• Maintain audit trails

Examples

See the examples/ directory for:

• scd-type2.sql - Slowly Changing Dimension implementation
• incremental-load.py - Change data capture pattern
• data-quality-checks.py - Data validation framework
• dbt-models/ - dbt transformation models

References

• Kimball Data Warehouse Toolkit
• dbt documentation
• AWS ETL best practices
• Data quality framework