GRAPHQL Security

GraphQL Security Audit

Audit GraphQL APIs for vulnerabilities specific to the query language and protocol: complexity attacks, introspection leaks, field-level auth bypass, mutation gaps.

When this skill applies

• Reviewing GraphQL schemas and resolvers
• Auditing depth / complexity / cost limits
• Reviewing field-level authorization
• Checking introspection exposure in production
• Auditing persisted queries setup
• Reviewing GraphQL subscriptions and WebSocket auth

Use other skills for: REST API patterns (saas-security-pack/saas-api-security), backend framework auth wiring (nodejs-express-security, nestjs-security, fastapi-security), IDOR patterns generally (saas-security-pack/saas-code-security-review).

Workflow

Follow ../_shared/audit-workflow.md. GraphQL-specific notes below.

Phase 1: Stack detection

# Find the GraphQL server library
grep -E '"(apollo-server|@apollo/server|graphql-yoga|mercurius|express-graphql|@nestjs/graphql|graphql-tools)":' package.json

# Schema files
find . \( -name '*.graphql' -o -name '*.gql' -o -name 'schema.ts' \) -not -path '*/node_modules/*' | head -10

# Resolver locations
grep -rln 'Query:\|Mutation:\|Subscription:\|resolvers\s*=' src/ | head -10

Phase 2: Inventory

# Endpoint configuration
grep -rnE 'graphqlPath|graphqlMiddleware|playground|introspection' src/

# Auth context setup
grep -rn 'context:\s*\(' src/ | head

# Subscriptions (often a separate auth flow)
grep -rn 'Subscription\|subscribe\|WebSocketServer\|graphql-ws' src/

# Federation (gateway / subgraph patterns)
grep -rn '@apollo/gateway\|buildSubgraphSchema' src/

Phase 3: Detection — the checks

Introspection in production

• GQL-INTRO-1 Introspection disabled in production OR access-controlled.

  // Apollo Server 4
  const server = new ApolloServer({
    schema,
    introspection: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production',
  });
  

• GQL-INTRO-2 Even if "disabled", schema can sometimes be inferred via error messages. Sanitize error responses (see GQL-ERR-1).
• GQL-INTRO-3 Persisted queries + introspection-disabled = strong stance; client doesn't need introspection if queries are pre-registered.

If introspection must stay on (internal tooling), gate by auth — only authenticated admins.

Query depth and complexity

GraphQL queries can recurse via cyclic schema references. Without limits, a single query can cost megabytes of work:

query Evil {
  user(id: "1") {
    friends { friends { friends { friends { ... } } } }
  }
}

• GQL-DEPTH-1 Depth limit configured (typical: 10-15). Libraries: graphql-depth-limit, built-in to graphql-yoga, configurable in Apollo.
• GQL-COMP-1 Complexity / cost analysis configured. Libraries: graphql-query-complexity, GraphQL Armor.
• GQL-COMP-2 Per-field cost annotations applied to expensive fields (search, full-text, pagination over large sets).
• GQL-COMP-3 Alias attack mitigated: counting aliases toward complexity (a: thing b: thing c: thing should count as 3, not 1).
• GQL-COMP-4 Directives like @stream and @defer (newer specs) have their own cost accounting if enabled.

import { createComplexityLimitRule } from 'graphql-validation-complexity';
import depthLimit from 'graphql-depth-limit';

const server = new ApolloServer({
  schema,
  validationRules: [
    depthLimit(10),
    createComplexityLimitRule(1000, {
      scalarCost: 1,
      objectCost: 2,
      listFactor: 10,
    }),
  ],
});

GraphQL Armor combines all these defaults in one plugin and is the lowest-friction way to deploy them.

Field-level authorization

REST has one auth check per endpoint; GraphQL has one auth surface per field. The mistake is checking at the root query and trusting the rest.

• GQL-AZ-1 Resolvers for fields exposing other users' data check authorization on the parent object, not just the root.

  // BAD — root checks auth but `users` resolver doesn't
  const resolvers = {
    Query: {
      currentUser: requireAuth((parent, args, ctx) => ctx.user),
    },
    User: {
      // Wide-open: anyone who reaches a User can ask for any field
      email: (parent) => parent.email,
      paymentMethods: (parent) => db.paymentMethods.findMany({ where: { userId: parent.id } }),
    },
  };
  

  An attacker who navigates to a User from elsewhere (e.g., via a comment's author field) gets their email and payment methods.

• GQL-AZ-2 Use directives or middleware for declarative field authz:

  directive @auth(requires: Role = USER) on FIELD_DEFINITION
  
  type User {
    id: ID!
    displayName: String!
    email: String! @auth(requires: SELF_OR_ADMIN)
    paymentMethods: [PaymentMethod!]! @auth(requires: SELF)
  }
  

  Implement the directive to check ctx.user against the parent object on every field.

• GQL-AZ-3 Tools: GraphQL Shield (rule-based authz), Apollo Connectors with auth context, custom middleware. Don't roll your own per-resolver if you have more than ~20 resolvers — the surface is too large to maintain manually.

Mutations

• GQL-MUT-1 Every mutation checks auth + authz. Sensitive mutations (delete account, change billing, admin actions) require additional verification (MFA, re-auth).
• GQL-MUT-2 Mutations don't trust input IDs — derive userId / tenantId from ctx, not from arguments.
• GQL-MUT-3 Mutations idempotent or rate-limited where appropriate.
• GQL-MUT-4 Input validation via schema or in resolver (use zod / yup / ajv at the resolver boundary; GraphQL types don't validate ranges or formats).

Persisted queries

Persisted queries dramatically reduce attack surface: clients send a query hash, server looks up the actual query. Attackers can't send arbitrary queries.

• GQL-PQ-1 Persisted queries enabled for first-party clients (web, mobile).
• GQL-PQ-2 Public/external clients (third-party developers, partners) — either allow arbitrary queries with strict depth/complexity, or define a partner API with persisted queries.
• GQL-PQ-3 Persisted query registry write access restricted to CI/CD pipeline; not writeable from production.
• GQL-PQ-4 Apollo Persisted Query Manifest workflow or equivalent in use.

Batching abuse

# Single request, 1000 mutations
mutation BatchEvil {
  m1: addCredit(userId: "self", amount: 1000)
  m2: addCredit(userId: "self", amount: 1000)
  m3: addCredit(userId: "self", amount: 1000)
  # ...
}

• GQL-BAT-1 Limit alias count and operation count per request.
• GQL-BAT-2 Rate limit mutations server-side per user/tenant — within a single request and across requests.
• GQL-BAT-3 Idempotency keys for mutations that should not be repeatable.

Subscriptions

Subscriptions typically use WebSocket; auth model differs from regular HTTP:

• GQL-SUB-1 WebSocket connection initialization receives auth token (typically in connection_params); validated before subscription is established.
• GQL-SUB-2 Subscription resolvers re-check auth on every emit — long-running subscription with stale auth that was revoked but never re-checked = security hole.
• GQL-SUB-3 Subscription topic filters scoped to the authenticated user — never let a client subscribe to "all events" with a server-side filter that may have bugs.

Error messages

• GQL-ERR-1 Production errors don't reveal internal details (stack traces, DB schema, internal IDs).
• GQL-ERR-2 Apollo Server's formatError / yoga's maskedErrors configured to strip detail from non-known errors.
• GQL-ERR-3 Error codes (extensions.code) don't leak existence vs permission. Same advice as REST: 404 not 403 for "not authorized to read this resource you can't know exists".
• GQL-ERR-4 Schema syntax errors in production don't echo back the query verbatim (could log it server-side though).

CSRF on GraphQL endpoints

The GraphQL endpoint /graphql accepts POST with application/json. Combined with CORS misconfig, this can be a CSRF vector for mutations.

• GQL-CSRF-1 GraphQL endpoint requires a non-form-submittable Content-Type (application/json) — most servers do by default, but verify the server enforces this (Apollo Server 4 enforces by default; older versions or custom integrations may not).
• GQL-CSRF-2 Apollo CSRF Prevention enabled (csrfPrevention: true — default in v4).
• GQL-CSRF-3 SameSite cookies for session — same as REST.

Federation / gateway

If using Apollo Federation or similar:

• GQL-FED-1 Subgraph endpoints not directly reachable from the public internet — only via the gateway.
• GQL-FED-2 Each subgraph applies auth/authz itself (don't trust the gateway to filter).
• GQL-FED-3 Federation context propagation (auth claims) signed or otherwise verifiable between gateway and subgraph.

Specific library notes

Apollo Server 4+:

• Defaults are good: introspection off in production via NODE_ENV, CSRF prevention on, landing page disabled in production.
• Use ApolloServerPluginUsageReporting carefully — it sends query data to Apollo Studio; ensure no PII in queries (or anonymize).

graphql-yoga:

• Built-in maskedErrors, useResponseCache. Verify useGraphqlArmor plugin enabled for production.
• Yoga 4+ includes GraphQL Armor by default.

Mercurius (Fastify):

• graphiql: true in production = bad. Check the config.
• ide: 'graphiql' | 'playground' | false.

Hasura:

• Permissions configured per role per table — review every role's permissions.
• Webhook / JWT auth setup verified.
• HASURA_GRAPHQL_ADMIN_SECRET only used for admin operations, never exposed.

PostGraphile:

• Built on Postgres RLS for permission — see saas-security-pack/supabase-security-audit/references/rls-patterns.md (same patterns).

Phase 4: Triage

Critical class examples:

• No depth/complexity limits → DoS via single query
• Introspection on in production → schema fully discovered by attacker
• Field-level auth missing on PII-bearing fields
• Mutation accepting userId argument without verifying caller
• Persisted queries advertised but bypass route accepting arbitrary queries

Phase 5: Report

Use ../_shared/findings-schema.md. Prefix IDs with GQL-.

References

• references/field-level-auth.md — Patterns for declarative field authorization (directives, GraphQL Shield, middleware)