Elixir Essentials

Elixir Essentials

Use this skill before writing any .ex or .exs file.

Canonical standard: docs/fcis-engineering-rules.md.

Quick reference: FCIS checklist — run before shipping .ex / .exs files.

Quick Reference

RULES — Follow these with no exceptions

1. Functional Core, Imperative Shell — pure functions for rules/transforms; DB/HTTP/process/IO only at edges 2. Pattern match and guards over nested if / unless / deep case 3. Tagged tuples — fallible ops return {:ok, result} | {:error, reason}; chain with with 4. Linear pipes — subject first; named steps; no |> case do. then/2 is fine for a one-off; extract a named function when the step is reused or is a domain concept 5. Parse at the boundary — coerce maps into structs/changesets before pure core 6. Context is the shell — MyApp.Blog fetches and persists; MyApp.Blog.Publishing / MyApp.Orders.Pricing hold rules 7. @impl true on every behaviour callback 8. Immutability — never mutate data in place 9. Predicates end with ?, bang (!) only for dangerous/raising ops 10. No String.to_atom/1 on user input — prefer strings; allowlist before any atom conversion 11. No monads / category-theory libs — idiomatic Elixir only (with, tagged tuples, structs) 12. @doc / @moduledoc on public APIs 13. Prefer for over chaining 3+ Enum passes when one pass is clearer

1. Functional Core, Imperative Shell

❌ Bad: business rules mixed with side effects

def checkout(order_id) do
  order = Repo.get!(Order, order_id)
  total = Enum.reduce(order.lines, 0, &(&1.amount + &2))
  Payments.charge(order, total)
end

✅ Good: pure core + thin shell

defmodule MyApp.Orders.Pricing do
  def total(%{lines: lines}), do: Enum.reduce(lines, 0, &(&1.amount + &2))

  def discount(total, :vip) when total > 100, do: div(total, 10)
  def discount(_total, _tier), do: 0
end

defmodule MyApp.Orders do
  alias MyApp.Orders.Pricing

  def checkout(order_id) do
    with {:ok, order} <- fetch(order_id),
         total <- Pricing.total(order),
         {:ok, charge} <- Payments.charge(order, total) do
      {:ok, charge}
    end
  end
end

2. Pattern matching & guards

❌ Bad: nested conditionals

def handle_response(%{status: s} = r) do
  if s == 200, do: {:ok, r.body}, else: {:error, :bad_status}
end

✅ Good: multi-clause dispatch (pure mapper — not a behaviour callback)

def handle_response(%{status: 200, body: body}), do: {:ok, body}
def handle_response(%{status: 404}), do: {:error, :not_found}
def handle_response(%{status: status}), do: {:error, {:bad_status, status}}

def calculate(x) when is_integer(x) and x > 0, do: x * 2
def calculate(_), do: {:error, :invalid_input}

3. Railway flow: tagged tuples + with

❌ Bad: nested case

def create_post(params) do
  case validate(params) do
    {:ok, attrs} ->
      case Repo.insert(Post.changeset(%Post{}, attrs)) do
        {:ok, post} -> {:ok, post}
        error -> error
      end
    error -> error
  end
end

✅ Good: with for sequential fallible steps

def create_post(params) do
  with {:ok, attrs} <- validate(params)  # e.g. Blog.validate_post_attrs/1 (not shown),
       {:ok, post} <- Repo.insert(Post.changeset(%Post{}, attrs)) do
    {:ok, post}
  end
end

✅ Good: optional else for normalized edge errors

def transfer(from_id, to_id, amount) do
  with {:ok, from} <- get_account(from_id),
       {:ok, to} <- get_account(to_id),
       :ok <- ensure_funds(from, amount),
       {:ok, _} <- debit(from, amount),
       {:ok, _} <- credit(to, amount) do
    {:ok, :complete}
  else
    {:error, :insufficient_funds} -> {:error, :insufficient_funds}
    {:error, :not_found} -> {:error, :not_found}
    other -> {:error, {:transfer_failed, other}}
  end
end

4. Pipe linearity

❌ Bad: pipe into case

params
|> case do
  %{"id" => id} -> Repo.get(User, id)
  _ -> nil
end

✅ Good: linear named steps

params
|> Map.fetch!("id")
|> Users.get()

Pipes should read as one subject transformed. then/2 (and tap/2 for debug/side-log) is idiomatic for a one-off. Extract a named function when the step is reused or names a domain concept. Never |> case do.

5. Explicit shapes at the boundary

❌ Bad: untyped maps deep in core logic

def register(params) do
  email = params["email"]
  create_user(%{email: email, role: String.to_atom(params["role"])})
end

✅ Good: parse once, then use a known shape

def register(params) when is_map(params) do
  case Registration.changeset(params) |> Ecto.Changeset.apply_action(:insert) do
    {:ok, data} -> create_user(data)
    {:error, cs} -> {:error, cs}
  end
end

Naming

Context vs core

The context module is the imperative shell. Business rules live in a sibling core module — not in the LiveView, worker, or the context's Repo function.

lib/my_app/blog.ex              # shell: fetch, persist, enqueue
lib/my_app/blog/post.ex         # schema
lib/my_app/blog/publishing.ex   # pure core: can_publish?/1, apply/1
lib/my_app/orders.ex            # shell
lib/my_app/orders/pricing.ex    # pure core: total/1, with_discount/2

# ✅ Shell
def publish_post(%Scope{} = scope, post) do
  with :ok <- Publishing.ensure_publishable(post),
       {:ok, post} <- persist_published(scope, post) do
    {:ok, post}
  end
end

# ✅ Core — no Repo
defmodule MyApp.Blog.Publishing do
  def ensure_publishable(%{status: :draft, title: title}) when byte_size(title) > 0, do: :ok
  def ensure_publishable(_post), do: {:error, :not_publishable}
end

List work

❌ Bad: three passes over the same list

list
|> Enum.map(&transform/1)
|> Enum.filter(&valid?/1)
|> Enum.map(&format/1)

✅ Good: one pass when clearer

for item <- list,
    transformed = transform(item),
    valid?(transformed) do
  format(transformed)
end

Atoms & user input

Let it crash

Do not write defensive code for impossible states after you have validated at the boundary. Supervisors recover process failures; pure code should not hide bugs with broad rescue.

Common pitfalls

Integration

See also: docs/fcis-engineering-rules.md, otp-essentials, domain skills (Ecto/LiveView/Oban keep edges thin).