Rust Systems

Rust Systems & Services

Covers modern application-layer Rust (edition 2024): CLIs, web services, libraries. Not no_std/embedded.

Working rules

• Preserve error variants in libraries and add operational context at application boundaries.
• Distinguish missing configuration from unreadable or invalid files before writing replacements.
• Keep blocking work off async workers, bound queues and spawned work, and define shutdown behavior.
• Trace exported interfaces before treating a change as internal; verify installed runtime capabilities.
• Do not mutate process-wide state in concurrent tests; exercise the real binary and relevant feature combinations.

Unsafe Discipline

• Default: no unsafe. If clippy flags it, don't #[allow] it — refactor. The #[expect] escape hatch below does not apply here; unsafe findings get fixed, not annotated.
• Every unsafe block gets a // SAFETY: comment above it explaining why each invariant holds. No comment = reviewer rejects.
• Keep unsafe blocks minimal — wrap in a safe abstraction at module boundary, mark the module pub(crate).
• Use miri (cargo +nightly miri test) on any crate containing unsafe or raw pointer arithmetic — catches UB that optimizers mask.
• Prefer bytemuck, zerocopy, bytes over hand-rolled transmutes for zero-copy patterns.
• Env-var writes are unsafe in edition 2024. Write them only in main, before the runtime starts or any thread spawns. Concurrent getenv is UB; OnceLock does not make it safe. Watch for lazy LD_LIBRARY_PATH-style writes on first use — hoist them to startup.

Discipline

• Simplicity first — every change as simple as possible, impact minimal code.
• Only touch what's necessary — avoid unrelated changes in a PR.
• No #[allow(clippy::...)] as a shortcut — fix the underlying issue. When a suppression is genuinely warranted, write #[expect(clippy::lint_name, reason = "...")] instead: expect warns once the lint stops firing, so a suppression that has outlived its cause reports itself, where allow rots silently forever. (expect needs Rust 1.81+; edition 2024 clears that floor.)
• Before adding a trait or generic, verify it's used in 3+ places. Otherwise a concrete type is clearer.
• bool::then_some(x) takes x by value — the argument is computed before the bool is consulted, so a guard written as a condition plus a fixed-width slice panics on exactly the inputs the condition was checking for: (b.len() >= 19 && b[4] == b'-').then_some(&v[..19]) panics on any shorter value, exiting 101 inside the one function written to report the case as undetermined. Use then(|| …), which is lazy. Clippy does not flag the difference. Grep then_some( for an argument that indexes, slices, unwraps, or allocates. Related: a fixed-width slice is not a parse — &v[..19] also panics mid-character on non-ASCII, and comparing two such prefixes lexicographically drops the timezone offset, so 01:00+02:00 sorts after 00:00Z while being an hour earlier. Parse and normalize, or reject.

Verify

• cargo fmt --all -- --check passes with zero diffs
• cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings passes
• cargo nextest run --workspace (or cargo test --workspace) passes with zero failures
• cargo deny check passes (licenses, advisories, duplicates) for any crate going to production
• No new unsafe without // SAFETY: comment

Task-specific references

Read the relevant reference before implementing or reviewing the matching behavior:

• For Cargo setup, workspace changes, public API reachability, build profiles, or CI: toolchain-and-interfaces.md.
• For errors, ownership, parsing boundaries, Tokio, shutdown, or concurrency: ownership-and-execution.md.
• For CLI/service entrypoints, production resilience, telemetry, or tests: applications-and-testing.md.

Existing specialized references, when the corresponding topic applies:

• macros-and-os-boundaries.md.
• rustdoc.md.
• build-profiles.md.
• performance.md.
• cli-tools.md.
• production-resilience.md.
• axum-service.md.
• observability.md.
• ci-pipeline.md.