Blender Syntax Operators

blender-syntax-operators

Quick Reference

Critical Warnings

ALWAYS return a set from execute(), invoke(), and modal() — e.g., {'FINISHED'}, {'CANCELLED'}, {'RUNNING_MODAL'}. Returning a plain string or None crashes Blender.

ALWAYS use context.temp_override() in Blender 4.0+. Dict-based context overrides (bpy.ops.foo(override_dict, ...)) were REMOVED in 4.0.

ALWAYS set bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'} for operators that modify scene data. Omitting 'UNDO' means users cannot Ctrl+Z the operation.

ALWAYS implement poll() as a @classmethod. Forgetting @classmethod causes a TypeError at registration.

NEVER call bpy.ops.* inside Panel.draw() — draw callbacks are read-only. Use operator buttons via layout.operator() instead.

NEVER use uppercase letters in the category part of bl_idname. The format is "category.operator_name" — both parts MUST be lowercase with underscores.

NEVER store mutable state as class-level attributes on operators expecting per-instance behavior. Use self instance attributes set in invoke() or execute(), or use operator properties.

Operator Decision Tree

Need to create a Blender operation?
│
├─ Runs once, no user interaction needed?
│  └─ Implement execute() only
│     └─ Set invoke = execute (optional shorthand)
│
├─ Needs a dialog/popup before running?
│  └─ Implement invoke() → wm.invoke_props_dialog(self)
│     └─ Implement draw() for dialog layout
│     └─ Implement execute() for the actual work
│
├─ Needs continuous event handling (drag, timer, mouse)?
│  └─ Implement invoke() → wm.modal_handler_add(self) + return {'RUNNING_MODAL'}
│     └─ Implement modal() for event processing
│     └─ Implement cancel() for cleanup
│
└─ Needs confirmation popup?
   └─ Implement invoke() → wm.invoke_confirm(self, event)
      └─ Implement execute() for the confirmed action

Version Compatibility Matrix

Essential Patterns

Pattern 1: Minimal Operator (execute only)

import bpy

class MYCAT_OT_simple_action(bpy.types.Operator):
    """Tooltip for the operator"""
    bl_idname = "mycat.simple_action"
    bl_label = "Simple Action"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    @classmethod
    def poll(cls, context):
        return context.active_object is not None

    def execute(self, context):
        context.active_object.location.z += 1.0
        self.report({'INFO'}, "Moved object up")
        return {'FINISHED'}

def register():
    bpy.utils.register_class(MYCAT_OT_simple_action)

def unregister():
    bpy.utils.unregister_class(MYCAT_OT_simple_action)

Pattern 2: Operator with Properties

class MYCAT_OT_scale_object(bpy.types.Operator):
    """Scale the active object by a specified factor"""
    bl_idname = "mycat.scale_object"
    bl_label = "Scale Object"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    # Operator properties — shown in F9 redo panel and invoke dialogs
    factor: bpy.props.FloatProperty(
        name="Scale Factor",
        default=2.0,
        min=0.01,
        max=100.0,
        description="Factor to scale the object by",
    )
    uniform: bpy.props.BoolProperty(
        name="Uniform",
        default=True,
        description="Scale uniformly on all axes",
    )
    axis: bpy.props.EnumProperty(
        name="Axis",
        items=[
            ('X', "X", "Scale on X axis only"),
            ('Y', "Y", "Scale on Y axis only"),
            ('Z', "Z", "Scale on Z axis only"),
        ],
        default='X',
    )

    @classmethod
    def poll(cls, context):
        return context.active_object is not None

    def execute(self, context):
        obj = context.active_object
        if self.uniform:
            obj.scale *= self.factor
        else:
            setattr(obj.scale, self.axis.lower(),
                    getattr(obj.scale, self.axis.lower()) * self.factor)
        return {'FINISHED'}

Pattern 3: Invoke with Props Dialog

class MYCAT_OT_create_grid(bpy.types.Operator):
    """Create a grid of objects with user-specified parameters"""
    bl_idname = "mycat.create_grid"
    bl_label = "Create Grid"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    count_x: bpy.props.IntProperty(name="Count X", default=3, min=1, max=50)
    count_y: bpy.props.IntProperty(name="Count Y", default=3, min=1, max=50)
    spacing: bpy.props.FloatProperty(name="Spacing", default=2.0, min=0.1)

    def invoke(self, context, event):
        # Shows a dialog with the properties; execute() runs on OK
        return context.window_manager.invoke_props_dialog(self)

    def draw(self, context):
        layout = self.layout
        layout.prop(self, "count_x")
        layout.prop(self, "count_y")
        layout.prop(self, "spacing")

    def execute(self, context):
        for x in range(self.count_x):
            for y in range(self.count_y):
                bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_cube_add(
                    location=(x * self.spacing, y * self.spacing, 0)
                )
        self.report({'INFO'}, f"Created {self.count_x * self.count_y} objects")
        return {'FINISHED'}

Pattern 4: Modal Operator

class MYCAT_OT_modal_draw(bpy.types.Operator):
    """Interactive modal operator with timer"""
    bl_idname = "mycat.modal_draw"
    bl_label = "Modal Draw"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    _timer = None

    def modal(self, context, event):
        if event.type in {'RIGHTMOUSE', 'ESC'}:
            self.cancel(context)
            return {'CANCELLED'}

        if event.type == 'TIMER':
            # Periodic update logic here
            pass

        if event.type == 'LEFTMOUSE' and event.value == 'PRESS':
            # Finish on left click
            self.cancel(context)
            return {'FINISHED'}

        return {'PASS_THROUGH'}

    def invoke(self, context, event):
        self._timer = context.window_manager.event_timer_add(
            0.1, window=context.window
        )
        context.window_manager.modal_handler_add(self)
        return {'RUNNING_MODAL'}

    def cancel(self, context):
        if self._timer is not None:
            context.window_manager.event_timer_remove(self._timer)
            self._timer = None

Pattern 5: Context Override (4.0+ required)

# Override active object for operator execution
with bpy.context.temp_override(active_object=obj, selected_objects=[obj]):
    bpy.ops.object.shade_smooth()

# Override area type for viewport operators
def run_in_viewport(operator_call):
    """Execute an operator that requires a VIEW_3D area context."""
    for window in bpy.context.window_manager.windows:
        for area in window.screen.areas:
            if area.type == 'VIEW_3D':
                with bpy.context.temp_override(window=window, area=area):
                    return operator_call()
    raise RuntimeError("No VIEW_3D area found")

# Usage:
run_in_viewport(lambda: bpy.ops.view3d.snap_cursor_to_center())

Pattern 6: Confirmation Dialog

class MYCAT_OT_delete_all(bpy.types.Operator):
    """Delete all objects with confirmation"""
    bl_idname = "mycat.delete_all"
    bl_label = "Delete All Objects"
    bl_options = {'REGISTER', 'UNDO'}

    @classmethod
    def poll(cls, context):
        return len(bpy.data.objects) > 0

    def invoke(self, context, event):
        return context.window_manager.invoke_confirm(self, event)

    def execute(self, context):
        for obj in bpy.data.objects:
            bpy.data.objects.remove(obj)
        self.report({'WARNING'}, "All objects deleted")
        return {'FINISHED'}

Common Operations

Calling Operators from Scripts

# Direct call: uses current context
bpy.ops.mesh.primitive_cube_add(size=2.0, location=(0, 0, 1))

# With context override (Blender 4.0+)
with bpy.context.temp_override(active_object=obj):
    bpy.ops.object.modifier_apply(modifier="Boolean")

# Check if operator can run before calling
if bpy.ops.object.mode_set.poll():
    bpy.ops.object.mode_set(mode='EDIT')

Registration and Menus

# Register operator and add to menu
def menu_func(self, context):
    self.layout.operator(MYCAT_OT_simple_action.bl_idname)

def register():
    bpy.utils.register_class(MYCAT_OT_simple_action)
    bpy.types.VIEW3D_MT_object.append(menu_func)

def unregister():
    bpy.types.VIEW3D_MT_object.remove(menu_func)
    bpy.utils.unregister_class(MYCAT_OT_simple_action)

Operator Reporting

# Report types: 'DEBUG', 'INFO', 'OPERATOR', 'WARNING', 'ERROR', 'ERROR_INVALID_INPUT'
self.report({'INFO'}, "Operation completed")
self.report({'WARNING'}, "Check the result")
self.report({'ERROR'}, "Something went wrong")  # Shows in status bar, does NOT raise

bl_idname Naming Convention

CLASS_OT_operator_name
│      │   │
│      │   └─ snake_case descriptive name
│      └───── OT = Operator Type (ALWAYS "OT" for operators)
└──────────── UPPERCASE category prefix (matches addon/module)

The bl_idname string format: "category.operator_name" — both parts lowercase. The class name format: CATEGORY_OT_operator_name — category uppercase, rest snake_case.

# CORRECT:
class MESH_OT_add_custom(bpy.types.Operator):
    bl_idname = "mesh.add_custom"        # lowercase.lowercase

# WRONG: bl_idname has uppercase:
class MESH_OT_add_custom(bpy.types.Operator):
    bl_idname = "Mesh.AddCustom"         # WILL FAIL at registration

bl_options Reference

Return Values

Operator Method Signatures

class bpy.types.Operator:
    bl_idname: str          # "category.name" — REQUIRED
    bl_label: str           # Display name — REQUIRED
    bl_description: str     # Tooltip (overrides docstring)
    bl_options: set[str]    # {'REGISTER', 'UNDO', ...}
    bl_translation_context: str  # i18n context
    bl_undo_group: str      # Group name for undo grouping

    @classmethod
    def poll(cls, context) -> bool: ...

    def execute(self, context) -> set[str]: ...
    def invoke(self, context, event) -> set[str]: ...
    def modal(self, context, event) -> set[str]: ...
    def draw(self, context) -> None: ...
    def cancel(self, context) -> None: ...

    def report(self, type: set[str], message: str) -> None: ...

    # Access layout for draw()
    layout: bpy.types.UILayout  # Available in draw()

Event Object (used in invoke/modal)

event.type      # str: 'LEFTMOUSE', 'RIGHTMOUSE', 'ESC', 'TIMER', 'A', 'B', etc.
event.value     # str: 'PRESS', 'RELEASE', 'CLICK', 'DOUBLE_CLICK', 'NOTHING'
event.mouse_x   # int: absolute mouse X position
event.mouse_y   # int: absolute mouse Y position
event.mouse_region_x  # int: mouse X relative to region
event.mouse_region_y  # int: mouse Y relative to region
event.shift     # bool: Shift held
event.ctrl      # bool: Ctrl held
event.alt       # bool: Alt held
event.oskey     # bool: OS/Super key held

Reference Links

• references/methods.md — Complete API signatures for Operator, WindowManager, Event, and registration functions
• references/examples.md — Working code examples for all operator patterns
• references/anti-patterns.md — Common mistakes when writing operators, with fixes

Official Sources

• https://docs.blender.org/api/current/bpy.types.Operator.html
• https://docs.blender.org/api/current/bpy.ops.html
• https://docs.blender.org/api/current/bpy.types.Event.html
• https://developer.blender.org/docs/release_notes/4.0/python_api/

Related Skills

• blender-core-api — bpy module structure, context system, data access patterns