State Zustand React

Zustand React Patterns

Optimize Zustand re-renders with selectors, shallow comparison, useShallow, and transient subscriptions

When to Use

• Components re-render too often because they subscribe to the entire store
• Selecting multiple values from a store without causing extra re-renders
• Subscribing to state changes outside the React render cycle (animations, event handlers)
• Building performance-sensitive UIs with large stores

Instructions

1. Always use a selector: useStore((s) => s.field) instead of useStore(). This subscribes only to field.
2. When selecting multiple fields, use useShallow to prevent re-renders when the object shape is the same.
3. For derived values, compute them in the selector — avoid storing derived data.
4. Use useStore.subscribe for transient updates that should not trigger re-renders (animations, logging).
5. Use useStoreWithEqualityFn for custom equality comparisons beyond shallow.

// Selecting single values — optimal by default
function Counter() {
  const count = useStore((s) => s.count); // Re-renders only when count changes
  const increment = useStore((s) => s.increment); // Functions are stable references
  return <button
}

// Selecting multiple values — use useShallow
import { useShallow } from 'zustand/react/shallow';

function UserProfile() {
  // Without useShallow: re-renders on ANY store change because { name, email } is a new object every time
  // With useShallow: re-renders only when name OR email change
  const { name, email } = useStore(
    useShallow((s) => ({ name: s.user.name, email: s.user.email }))
  );
  return <div>{name} ({email})</div>;
}

// Alternative: select as array
function UserProfile2() {
  const [name, email] = useStore(
    useShallow((s) => [s.user.name, s.user.email])
  );
  return <div>{name} ({email})</div>;
}

// Transient subscriptions — no re-renders
function AnimatedElement() {
  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    // Subscribe to position changes without re-rendering
    const unsub = useStore.subscribe(
      (state) => state.position,
      (position) => {
        if (ref.current) {
          ref.current.style.transform = `translateX(${position}px)`;
        }
      }
    );
    return unsub;
  }, []);

  return <div ref={ref}>Moving element</div>;
}

Details

Why selectors matter for performance: Zustand uses Object.is to compare the previous and next selector results. If the selector returns a new object every time ((s) => ({ a: s.a, b: s.b })), the comparison always fails and the component re-renders. useShallow uses shallow equality instead.

Selector stability patterns:

// Bad — new function reference every render
<List => useStore.getState().selectItem(id)} />

// Good — stable selector
const selectItem = useStore((s) => s.selectItem);
<List />

Auto-generating selectors: Create a helper that generates individual property selectors:

type WithSelectors<S> = S extends { getState: () => infer T }
  ? S & { use: { [K in keyof T]: () => T[K] } }
  : never;

const createSelectors = <S extends StoreApi<object>>(_store: S) => {
  const store = _store as WithSelectors<typeof _store>;
  store.use = {};
  for (const k of Object.keys(store.getState())) {
    (store.use as any)[k] = () => store((s: any) => s[k]);
  }
  return store;
};

// Usage: const count = useStore.use.count();

subscribe with selector (Zustand v4+): The subscribe method accepts a selector and an equality function for targeted external subscriptions:

useStore.subscribe(
  (state) => state.count, // selector
  (count, prevCount) => {
    // listener
    console.log('Count changed:', prevCount, '->', count);
  },
  { equalityFn: Object.is } // optional, default is Object.is
);

Source

https://zustand.docs.pmnd.rs/guides/prevent-rerenders-with-use-shallow

Process

1. Read the instructions and examples in this document.
2. Apply the patterns to your implementation, adapting to your specific context.
3. Verify your implementation against the details and edge cases listed above.

Harness Integration

• Type: knowledge — this skill is a reference document, not a procedural workflow.
• No tools or state — consumed as context by other skills and agents.

Success Criteria

• The patterns described in this document are applied correctly in the implementation.
• Edge cases and anti-patterns listed in this document are avoided.