MCP

MCP: Model Context Protocol Server Development

Build, review, and debug MCP servers that expose tools, resources, and prompts to AI coding assistants. The goal is secure, well-structured servers that follow the protocol spec and don't become yet another server with preventable injection vulnerabilities.

Target versions (September 2026):

• MCP specification: 2026-07-28 (current stable; stateless core, extensions framework, and no initialize/session handshake)
• TypeScript SDK: @modelcontextprotocol/server, @modelcontextprotocol/client, and @modelcontextprotocol/core 2.0.0 (the monolithic @modelcontextprotocol/sdk 1.30.0 is the legacy line)
• Python SDK: mcp 2.1.1 (2.x stable; review the v1-to-v2 migration guide)
• Protocol transports: stdio and Streamable HTTP. The standalone HTTP+SSE transport is deprecated and available only as a temporary legacy bridge

When to use

• Building a new MCP server (tools, resources, prompts)
• Adding tool handlers to an existing MCP server
• Configuring MCP transport (stdio for local, streamable HTTP for remote)
• Implementing MCP authentication (OAuth 2.1)
• Implementing MCP elicitation (interactive dialogs)
• Reviewing MCP server code for injection or tool poisoning vulnerabilities
• Debugging MCP connection issues between client and server
• Migrating from a custom tool integration to MCP

When NOT to use

• General REST API development that doesn't use MCP - use backend-api
• Claude API / Anthropic SDK usage in an application - use ai-ml
• Security auditing existing servers across a codebase - use security-audit (it has an MCP section)
• Using MCP browsing tools to browse or scrape web pages - use browse
• Writing prompts for LLMs (not MCP prompt resources) - use prompt-generator

AI Self-Check

When generating or reviewing MCP server code, verify each item before presenting the result:

• All tool handler inputs validated server-side (no raw string interpolation into shell commands, SQL, file paths, or URLs)
• Tool descriptions accurate and concise (some clients truncate long descriptions)
• Resource URIs use a defined scheme and are validated before use
• Error responses use proper MCP error codes, not raw stack traces
• Authentication implemented for remote transports that handle user data (OAuth 2.1 with PKCE)
• No secrets hardcoded in tool handlers or server configuration
• inputSchema uses specific JSON Schema types with required, maxLength, constraints
• Server handles graceful shutdown (cleanup on SIGINT/SIGTERM)
• Streamable HTTP: binds to 127.0.0.1 (not 0.0.0.0) when local
• Streamable HTTP: validates Origin header (DNS rebinding prevention)
• Rate limiting on tool invocations
• Tool annotations treated as untrusted by client-side code
• Elicitation does not request passwords, tokens, or secrets
• Spec version checked: transports, auth, resources, tools, and prompts match current MCP docs and SDK behavior
• Tool poisoning considered: tool descriptions, dynamic metadata, and server updates cannot silently expand authority
• SDK methods verified: see Common Mistakes #8 - verify every API call against actual SDK docs rather than inventing method names
• Cross-cutting agent hygiene applied - see references/agent-hygiene.md

Performance

• Keep tool schemas tight and responses small; large unstructured tool outputs waste model context.
• Use resources for reusable context instead of returning the same large payload from every tool call.
• Batch read-only lookups where latency matters, but keep side-effecting tools separate and auditable.

Best Practices

• Treat MCP servers as security boundaries: authenticate, authorize, and log side effects explicitly.
• Make tool names and schemas stable; version breaking changes instead of changing semantics in place.
• Require user confirmation for tools that spend money, mutate infrastructure, delete data, or expose secrets.

Workflow

Build vs. Review: Steps 1-6 are for building new servers. When reviewing existing MCP server code: (1) scope using Step 1 questions - what tools, transport, and auth does the server use; (2) audit each tool handler against Step 3 injection vectors and the AI Self-Check; (3) cross-reference the Common Mistakes section for patterns AI models frequently introduce.

Step 1: Determine the server's purpose

Before writing code, clarify:

• What tools will it expose? Each tool = one operation the AI can invoke.
• What resources will it serve? Resources = read-only data the AI can access.
• What transport? stdio for local CLI integration, streamable HTTP for remote/production.
• What authentication? None for stdio. OAuth 2.1 recommended for remote servers handling user data.
• What language? TypeScript (most mature SDK) or Python (simpler, FastMCP).

Step 2: Scaffold the server

TypeScript (recommended for production):

import { McpServer } from "@modelcontextprotocol/server";
import { serveStdio } from "@modelcontextprotocol/server/stdio";
import { readdir, readFile, stat } from "node:fs/promises";
import path from "node:path";
import * as z from "zod/v4";

const DOCS_ROOT = path.resolve(process.env.DOCS_ROOT ?? "./docs");
const MAX_DOCS = 1_000;
const MAX_DOC_BYTES = 256_000;
const config = { mode: "read-only" };

async function loadMarkdownDocs(): Promise<Array<{ title: string; body: string }>> {
  const entries = await readdir(DOCS_ROOT, { withFileTypes: true });
  const names = entries
    .filter((entry) => entry.isFile() && entry.name.endsWith(".md"))
    .map((entry) => entry.name)
    .sort()
    .slice(0, MAX_DOCS);
  const docs: Array<{ title: string; body: string }> = [];
  for (const name of names) {
    const filePath = path.join(DOCS_ROOT, name);
    if ((await stat(filePath)).size > MAX_DOC_BYTES) continue;
    docs.push({ title: name, body: await readFile(filePath, "utf8") });
  }
  return docs;
}

let docsPromise: ReturnType<typeof loadMarkdownDocs> | undefined;

function docsIndex(): ReturnType<typeof loadMarkdownDocs> {
  docsPromise ??= loadMarkdownDocs();
  return docsPromise;
}

function createServer(): McpServer {
  const server = new McpServer({ name: "my-server", version: "1.0.0" });

  server.registerTool(
    "search_docs",
    {
      title: "Search docs",
      description: "Search documentation by keyword",
      inputSchema: z.object({
        query: z.string().max(200).describe("Search query"),
        limit: z.number().int().min(1).max(100).default(10),
      }),
      outputSchema: z.object({
        results: z.array(z.object({ title: z.string(), snippet: z.string() })),
      }),
    },
    async ({ query, limit }) => {
      try {
        const needle = query.normalize("NFKC").trim().toLocaleLowerCase();
        if (!/[\p{L}\p{N}]/u.test(needle)) {
          return { isError: true, content: [{ type: "text", text: "Query needs a letter or number." }] };
        }
        const results = (await docsIndex())
          .flatMap(({ title, body }) => {
            const text = `${title}\n${body}`;
            const index = text.toLocaleLowerCase().indexOf(needle);
            if (index < 0) return [];
            const start = Math.max(0, index - 160);
            const end = Math.min(text.length, index + needle.length + 320);
            return [{ title, snippet: text.slice(start, end) }];
          })
          .slice(0, limit);
        const output = { results };
        return {
          content: [{ type: "text", text: JSON.stringify(output) }],
          structuredContent: output,
        };
      } catch (error: unknown) {
        console.error("search_docs failed", error);
        return { isError: true, content: [{ type: "text", text: "Search failed while loading documentation." }] };
      }
    }
  );

  server.registerResource(
    "config",
    "config://app/settings",
    { title: "Application config", mimeType: "application/json" },
    async (uri) => ({
      contents: [{ uri: uri.href, mimeType: "application/json", text: JSON.stringify(config) }],
    })
  );

  return server;
}

async function main(): Promise<void> {
  const handle = await serveStdio(createServer);
  let closing = false;

  const shutdown = async (signal: NodeJS.Signals): Promise<void> => {
    if (closing) return;
    closing = true;
    try {
      await handle.close();
    } catch (error: unknown) {
      console.error(`Failed to shut down after ${signal}:`, error);
      process.exitCode = 1;
    }
  };

  process.once("SIGINT", () => void shutdown("SIGINT"));
  process.once("SIGTERM", () => void shutdown("SIGTERM"));
}

void main().catch((error: unknown) => {
  console.error(error);
  process.exitCode = 1;
});

serveStdio owns the stdio transport and returns a handle whose close() shuts down both the pinned server instance and transport. Keep all stdio diagnostics on stderr; stdout is the protocol channel.

Python (FastMCP for quick prototyping):

import json, re
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("my-server")
docs = [{"title": "Getting started", "body": "Install the server and connect over stdio."}]
config = {"mode": "read-only"}

@mcp.tool()
def search_docs(query: str, limit: int = 10) -> str:
    """Search documentation by keyword."""
    sanitized = re.sub(r"[^\w\s-]", "", query[:200])
    needle = sanitized.casefold()
    matches = [doc for doc in docs if needle in f"{doc['title']}\n{doc['body']}".casefold()]
    return json.dumps(matches[:max(1, min(limit, 100))])

@mcp.resource("config://app/settings")
def get_config() -> str:
    """Application configuration."""
    return json.dumps(config)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run()

Step 3: Implement tools securely

Injection is the top MCP vulnerability class. Every tool handler is an attack surface.

The #1 rule: never interpolate user input into commands, queries, or paths.

Common injection vectors in MCP tools:

Path traversal prevention:

import path from "node:path";
import { readFile, realpath } from "node:fs/promises";

async function safeExistingPath(base: string, userInput: string): Promise<string> {
  const baseReal = await realpath(base);
  const targetReal = await realpath(path.resolve(baseReal, userInput));
  const relative = path.relative(baseReal, targetReal);
  if (relative === ".." || relative.startsWith(`..${path.sep}`) || path.isAbsolute(relative)) {
    throw new Error("Path traversal detected");
  }
  return targetReal;
}

Before/after - applying safeExistingPath() to a vulnerable tool handler:

// BEFORE (vulnerable - user controls path directly)
server.tool("read_file", "Read a project file",
  { path: z.string() },
  async ({ path: filePath }) => {
    const data = await readFile(filePath, "utf-8"); // path traversal
    return { content: [{ type: "text", text: data }] };
  }
);

// AFTER (safe - resolved path validated against allowed base)
server.tool("read_file", "Read a project file",
  { path: z.string().max(500) },
  async ({ path: filePath }) => {
    try {
      const safe = await safeExistingPath("/srv/project", filePath);
      const data = await readFile(safe, "utf-8");
      return { content: [{ type: "text", text: data }] };
    } catch (error: unknown) {
      console.error("read_file failed", error);
      return { isError: true, content: [{ type: "text", text: "Read failed." }] };
    }
  }
);

SSRF prevention (when tools fetch URLs from user input):

• Block private IP ranges: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16
• Block link-local: 169.254.0.0/16 (includes cloud metadata at 169.254.169.254)
• Block loopback: 127.0.0.0/8
• Require HTTPS in production
• Pin DNS resolution between check and use (TOCTOU defense)

Step 4: Configure transport

The standalone HTTP+SSE transport (spec 2024-11-05) is deprecated; use Streamable HTTP for remote servers. MCP 2026-07-28 removes the initialize/session handshake from the core protocol. Use the SDK migration helpers when one endpoint must also serve legacy 2025 clients. Auth is optional per spec but strongly recommended for servers handling user data. When implementing auth, use OAuth 2.1 with PKCE. Prefer Client ID Metadata Documents over Dynamic Client Registration (DCR is a fallback, not a requirement).

Streamable HTTP security:

• Bind to 127.0.0.1 for local servers (never 0.0.0.0)
• Validate Origin header on all requests (DNS rebinding prevention)
• Treat every 2026-07-28 request as self-contained; do not require MCP-Session-Id
• Client sends MCP-Protocol-Version: 2026-07-28 plus identity and capabilities in _meta
• Consider using createMcpExpressApp() / createMcpHonoApp() for built-in DNS rebinding protection - these ship from the separate @modelcontextprotocol/express and @modelcontextprotocol/hono packages, not the runtime-neutral core package

Step 5: Handle elicitation safely

MCP elicitation lets servers request structured input from users mid-task.

Schema restrictions - elicitation schemas are limited to flat objects with primitive fields:

• string (with optional format: email, uri, date, date-time)
• number / integer (with minimum, maximum)
• boolean
• enum (string with enum; use anyOf with title for labeled choices)
• array of enum strings (for multi-select)

No nested objects. Keep schemas simple for broad client support.

Security: never request credentials via elicitation. Clients should show which server is requesting input and allow decline/cancel at any time. Handle all three responses: accept (with data), decline, and cancel.

Step 6: Test the server

# Test with MCP Inspector (official debugging tool)
npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector your-server-command

# Python alternative
uv run mcp dev server.py

Test each tool handler with: valid inputs (happy path), missing required fields, malicious inputs (injection, path traversal, oversized payloads), concurrent requests.

Read references/security.md for specific injection test payloads.

Tool Poisoning and Rug Pull Defense

These attacks target tool metadata, not tool execution.

Tool poisoning: malicious instructions hidden in tool description fields manipulate the AI model into exfiltrating data or calling unintended tools. Descriptions are visible to the model but often hidden from users in the UI.

Rug pull attacks: server changes tool definitions after initial approval - clean version during onboarding, malicious version later.

Server-side defenses:

• Write clear, honest tool descriptions - no hidden instructions
• Do not include executable logic or injection payloads in descriptions
• Keep descriptions minimal and factual
• Treat annotations as advisory (untrusted on the client side)

Client-side defenses (document for consumers of your server):

• Display tool descriptions to users before granting access
• Hash tool schemas at approval time; alert on changes between sessions
• Limit cross-server tool access

Common Mistakes

AI models consistently make these errors when generating MCP server code:

1. Shell commands via string interpolation - the #1 vulnerability. Always use argument arrays for system commands.
2. Missing server-side validation - generating inputSchema but never validating against it in the handler. The client may skip validation.
3. Bare "type": "string" in schemas - no maxLength, no pattern, no constraints. Accepts any string of any length.
4. Binding HTTP to 0.0.0.0 - exposes local servers to the network. Use 127.0.0.1.
5. No Origin header validation - enables DNS rebinding against local servers.
6. Leaking error details - stack traces, file paths, or DB errors in tool responses.
7. Token passthrough - accepting OAuth tokens meant for other services without audience validation.
8. Hallucinating SDK methods - inventing API calls that don't exist. See AI Self-Check for the verification checklist item.
9. Ignoring elicitation actions - handling accept but crashing on decline/cancel.
10. No graceful shutdown - missing SIGINT/SIGTERM handlers on stdio servers.

Reference Files

• references/security.md - OAuth 2.1 details, known CVEs, injection test payloads, SSRF prevention, session management, and tool poisoning defense

Output Contract

See references/output-contract.md for the full contract.

• Skill name: MCP
• Deliverable bucket: audits
• Mode: conditional. When invoked to analyze, review, audit, or improve existing repo content, emit the full contract - monospace inline header, severity-grouped inline summary, linked Markdown deliverable, and concise monospace conclusion - and write the deliverable to docs/local/audits/mcp/<YYYY-MM-DD>-<slug>.md. When invoked to answer a question, teach a concept, build a new artifact, or generate content, respond freely without the contract.
• Severity scale: P0 | P1 | P2 | P3 | info (see shared contract; only used in audit/review mode).

Related Skills

• security-audit - for auditing MCP servers as part of a broader security review. The security-audit skill's ASI and MCP sections cover vulnerability patterns; this skill covers building servers correctly from the start.
• code-review - for reviewing MCP server code for correctness beyond security.
• docker - for containerizing MCP servers with minimal capabilities.
• ai-ml - for Claude API / Anthropic SDK usage in the application that calls MCP tools. Use ai-ml, not this skill, for Anthropic SDK integration code.
• backend-api - for general REST/GraphQL API development that does not use the MCP protocol.
• browse - for using MCP browsing tools to scrape or interact with web pages; this skill builds the server, browse operates it.
• prompt-generator - for writing LLM prompts (not MCP prompt resources); route there when the request is about prompt engineering rather than MCP server construction.

Rules

1. Validate all tool inputs server-side. Never trust the client or model. Use schema validation (Zod, Pydantic) with explicit types, ranges, and constraints.
2. No shell execution with string interpolation. Use argument arrays for system commands.
3. Keep descriptions concise. Some clients truncate long descriptions. A few sentences covering what the tool does and its parameters - not implementation details.
4. Authenticate when handling user data. Use OAuth 2.1 with PKCE for remote servers that access user data. Auth is optional per spec but strongly recommended.
5. Return structured errors. MCP error codes + human-readable messages. No stack traces.
6. Test with malicious inputs. Injection payloads, path traversal, oversized inputs.
7. Bind local servers to 127.0.0.1. Never 0.0.0.0 for local-only servers.
8. Validate Origin headers on all streamable HTTP requests.
9. Handle shutdown gracefully. Register signal handlers. Clean up resources.
10. Run the AI Self-Check. Every generated MCP server gets verified against the checklist.