Dotnet Architecture

.NET Architecture

Purpose

Structure .NET applications with clean architecture, vertical slices, or CQRS — dependency inversion, MediatR pipelines, DI registration, and solution organization.

Agent Protocol

Trigger

User request includes: dotnet clean architecture, dotnet vertical slice, dotnet CQRS, dotnet solution structure, .NET project layout, dotnet DI, dotnet MediatR.

Input Context

• .NET version (6+, 8+, 9+)
• Architecture (Clean Architecture, Vertical Slices, N-tier)
• Database (EF Core, Dapper, ADO.NET)
• Patterns (CQRS, Event Sourcing, Repository)

Output Artifact

Solution structure, project references, DI registration, MediatR pipeline, EF Core setup.

Response Format

Produce artifact directly. No preamble, no postamble, no explanations. No filler, no hedging, no transitions.

Completion Criteria

• Solution split by concern: Domain, Application, Infrastructure, Presentation
• Domain has zero external dependencies
• Application depends only on Domain
• Infrastructure implements Application/Domain interfaces
• DI registered in Composition Root (Presentation layer)
• Architecture tests enforce dependency rules

Max Response Length

4096 tokens

Architecture Decision Trees

Clean Architecture vs Vertical Slices vs N-tier

Decision: Complex domain with many rules → Clean Architecture. CRUD-heavy medium app → Vertical Slices. Simple API with few rules → N-tier.

CQRS: Full vs Simple

Decision: Reports/analytics workload separate from transactional → Full CQRS. Simple list/detail views → Simple CQRS.

Workflow

Step 1: Solution Structure (Clean Architecture)

src/
  Domain/
    Entities/
    ValueObjects/
    Aggregates/
    DomainEvents/
    Exceptions/
    Interfaces/
  Application/
    Common/
      Interfaces/
      Behaviors/        // MediatR pipelines
      Mappings/
    Features/
      Users/
        Commands/
        Queries/
        DTOs/
        Validators/
    DependencyInjection.cs
  Infrastructure/
    Persistence/
      Context/
      Configurations/
      Repositories/
    Services/
    DependencyInjection.cs
  Presentation/
    Controllers/
    Middleware/
    Program.cs
tests/
  Domain.Tests/
  Application.Tests/
  Integration.Tests/
  Architecture.Tests/

Step 2: Domain Layer (Zero Dependencies)

// Domain/Entities/Order.cs
public class Order : IAggregateRoot
{
    public Guid Id { get; private set; }
    public string OrderNumber { get; private set; }
    public OrderStatus Status { get; private set; }
    private readonly List<OrderItem> _items = new();
    public IReadOnlyCollection<OrderItem> Items => _items.AsReadOnly();

    private Order() { } // EF Core

    public Order(string orderNumber)
    {
        Id = Guid.NewGuid();
        OrderNumber = orderNumber;
        Status = OrderStatus.Pending;
        AddDomainEvent(new OrderCreatedDomainEvent(Id));
    }

    public void AddItem(string product, decimal price, int quantity)
    {
        if (Status != OrderStatus.Pending)
            throw new DomainException("Cannot modify confirmed order");
        _items.Add(new OrderItem(product, price, quantity));
    }

    public void Confirm()
    {
        if (_items.Count == 0)
            throw new DomainException("Cannot confirm empty order");
        Status = OrderStatus.Confirmed;
        AddDomainEvent(new OrderConfirmedDomainEvent(Id));
    }
}

// Domain/ValueObjects/Money.cs
public record Money
{
    public decimal Amount { get; init; }
    public string Currency { get; init; }

    public Money(decimal amount, string currency)
    {
        if (amount < 0) throw new DomainException("Amount cannot be negative");
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(currency)) throw new DomainException("Currency required");
        Amount = amount;
        Currency = currency.ToUpperInvariant();
    }
}

Step 3: Application Layer (MediatR + CQRS)

// Application/Features/Orders/Commands/CreateOrder/CreateOrderCommand.cs
public record CreateOrderCommand(string OrderNumber, List<OrderItemDto> Items) : IRequest<OrderDto>;

// Application/Features/Orders/Commands/CreateOrder/CreateOrderCommandHandler.cs
public class CreateOrderCommandHandler : IRequestHandler<CreateOrderCommand, OrderDto>
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _repository;
    private readonly IMapper _mapper;

    public CreateOrderCommandHandler(IOrderRepository repository, IMapper mapper)
    {
        _repository = repository;
        _mapper = mapper;
    }

    public async Task<OrderDto> Handle(CreateOrderCommand request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var order = new Order(request.OrderNumber);
        request.Items.ForEach(i => order.AddItem(i.Product, i.Price, i.Quantity));
        await _repository.AddAsync(order);
        await _repository.SaveChangesAsync(cancellationToken);
        return _mapper.Map<OrderDto>(order);
    }
}

// Application/Common/Behaviors/ValidationBehavior.cs
public class ValidationBehavior<TRequest, TResponse> : IPipelineBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    where TRequest : IRequest<TResponse>
{
    private readonly IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> _validators;

    public ValidationBehavior(IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> validators)
        => _validators = validators;

    public async Task<TResponse> Handle(TRequest request, RequestHandlerDelegate<TResponse> next, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        if (!_validators.Any()) return await next();

        var context = new ValidationContext<TRequest>(request);
        var failures = _validators
            .Select(v => v.Validate(context))
            .SelectMany(r => r.Errors)
            .Where(f => f != null)
            .ToList();

        if (failures.Count != 0)
            throw new ValidationException(failures);

        return await next();
    }
}

// Application/Common/Behaviors/LoggingBehavior.cs
public class LoggingBehavior<TRequest, TResponse> : IPipelineBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
{
    private readonly ILogger<LoggingBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>> _logger;

    public async Task<TResponse> Handle(TRequest request, RequestHandlerDelegate<TResponse> next, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var requestName = typeof(TRequest).Name;
        _logger.LogInformation("Processing {Request}", requestName);
        var stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
        var response = await next();
        stopwatch.Stop();
        _logger.LogInformation("Completed {Request} in {Elapsed}ms", requestName, stopwatch.ElapsedMilliseconds);
        return response;
    }
}

Step 4: Dependency Injection

// Application/DependencyInjection.cs
public static class DependencyInjection
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddApplication(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.AddMediatR(cfg => cfg.RegisterServicesFromAssembly(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()));
        services.AddValidatorsFromAssembly(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());
        services.AddAutoMapper(Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly());

        services.AddTransient(typeof(IPipelineBehavior<,>), typeof(ValidationBehavior<,>));
        services.AddTransient(typeof(IPipelineBehavior<,>), typeof(LoggingBehavior<,>));

        return services;
    }
}

// Infrastructure/DependencyInjection.cs
public static class DependencyInjection
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddInfrastructure(this IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration config)
    {
        services.AddDbContext<AppDbContext>(options =>
            options.UseSqlServer(config.GetConnectionString("Default")));

        services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, OrderRepository>();
        services.AddScoped<IUnitOfWork>(sp => sp.GetRequiredService<AppDbContext>());

        return services;
    }
}

// Presentation/Program.cs
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddApplication();
builder.Services.AddInfrastructure(builder.Configuration);
builder.Services.AddControllers();

Step 5: EF Core Configuration

// Infrastructure/Persistence/Configurations/OrderConfiguration.cs
public class OrderConfiguration : IEntityTypeConfiguration<Order>
{
    public void Configure(EntityTypeBuilder<Order> builder)
    {
        builder.ToTable("Orders");
        builder.HasKey(o => o.Id);
        builder.Property(o => o.OrderNumber).IsRequired().HasMaxLength(50);
        builder.Property(o => o.Status).HasConversion<string>().HasMaxLength(20);
        builder.OwnsMany(o => o.Items, item =>
        {
            item.WithOwner().HasForeignKey("OrderId");
            item.Property(i => i.Product).IsRequired().HasMaxLength(100);
            item.Property(i => i.Price).HasColumnType("decimal(18,2)");
        });
        builder.Ignore(o => o.DomainEvents);
    }
}

Step 6: Architecture Tests

// tests/Architecture.Tests/ArchitectureTests.cs
public class ArchitectureTests
{
    [Fact]
    public void Domain_ShouldNotDependOnInfrastructure()
    {
        var domainAssembly = typeof(Order).Assembly;
        var infrastructureAssembly = typeof(OrderRepository).Assembly;
        var result = domainAssembly.GetReferencedAssemblies()
            .Any(a => a.FullName == infrastructureAssembly.FullName);
        Assert.False(result);
    }

    [Fact]
    public void Application_ShouldNotDependOnInfrastructure()
    {
        var appAssembly = typeof(CreateOrderCommand).Assembly;
        var infraAssembly = typeof(OrderRepository).Assembly;
        var result = appAssembly.GetReferencedAssemblies()
            .Any(a => a.FullName == infraAssembly.FullName);
        Assert.False(result);
    }
}

Production Considerations

EF Core Performance

• Use AsNoTracking() for read-only queries
• Batch inserts with AddRange() not individual Add()
• Use ExecuteUpdate/ExecuteDelete for bulk operations (EF Core 7+)
• Enable UseLoggerFactory only in development
• Connection resiliency: EnableRetryOnFailure() for transient faults
• Compiled queries for hot paths: EF.CompileQuery()

API Versioning

services.AddApiVersioning(options =>
{
    options.DefaultApiVersion = new ApiVersion(1, 0);
    options.AssumeDefaultVersionWhenUnspecified = true;
    options.ReportApiVersions = true;
    options.ApiVersionReader = new UrlSegmentApiVersionReader();
});

OpenTelemetry

builder.Services.AddOpenTelemetry()
    .WithTracing(t => t
        .AddAspNetCoreInstrumentation()
        .AddHttpClientInstrumentation()
        .AddEntityFrameworkCoreInstrumentation()
        .AddOtlpExporter());

Anti-Patterns

Security Considerations

• Apply [Authorize] at controller or endpoint level, never globally skip
• Use Data Protection API for encrypting sensitive data at rest
• Validate anti-forgery tokens for state-changing endpoints
• Rate limiting with AspNetCoreRateLimit or YARP
• CSRF protection via anti-forgery tokens in cookie-based auth
• Secrets via User Secrets (dev), Key Vault / environment (prod)
• Never log sensitive data — use [LogProperties] selectively

Testing Strategies

Unit Test Domain Logic

[Fact]
public void Order_WithNoItems_CannotBeConfirmed()
{
    var order = new Order("ORD-001");
    Assert.Throws<DomainException>(() => order.Confirm());
}

Integration Test with TestContainers

public class OrderRepositoryTests : IClassFixture<TestContainerFixture>
{
    [Fact]
    public async Task AddOrder_PersistsToDatabase()
    {
        var order = new Order("ORD-001");
        order.AddItem("Widget", 10m, 2);
        await _repository.AddAsync(order);
        await _repository.SaveChangesAsync();
        var saved = await _context.Orders.FindAsync(order.Id);
        Assert.NotNull(saved);
        Assert.Equal("ORD-001", saved.OrderNumber);
    }
}

Use WebApplicationFactory<T> for integration tests. Use Testcontainers for SQL Server/PostgreSQL. Use Verify for snapshot testing.

Rules

• Domain layer has ZERO external NuGet dependencies.
• Application depends only on Domain and NuGet packages (MediatR, FluentValidation, AutoMapper).
• Infrastructure implements Application/Infrastructure interfaces, never depends on Application.
• DI registration happens only in the Composition Root (Presentation/Program.cs or each layer's DependencyInjection.cs).
• All async methods return Task — no async void.
• Configuration via IOptions pattern, never direct IConfiguration injection.
• Exception handling via middleware, not try-catch in controllers.
• CORS, auth, rate limiting, exception handling, and swagger as middleware pipeline.

References

• references/api-design.md — .NET API Design
• references/dotnet-clean-architecture.md — .NET Clean Architecture
• references/dotnet-cqrs-event-sourcing.md — CQRS and Event Sourcing
• references/dotnet-microservices.md — .NET Microservices
• references/dotnet-testing-architecture.md — Architecture Testing
• references/project-structure.md — Project Structure Reference

Handoff

Hand off to backend/dotnet/patterns/SKILL.md for MediatR pipelines, result pattern, and EF Core patterns.

Implementation Patterns

Factory Pattern for Module Creation

function createModule<T>(config: ModuleConfig): T { const dependencies = initializeDependencies(config); const module = new Module(dependencies); module.hooks.onInit(); return module as T; }

Builder Pattern for Complex Configuration

class ConfigBuilder { private config: AppConfig = new AppConfig(); withDatabase(url: string): ConfigBuilder { ... } withCache(ttl: number): ConfigBuilder { ... } withLogging(level: string): ConfigBuilder { ... } build(): AppConfig { return this.config; } }

Production Considerations

Deployment Checklist

• Production build with optimizations enabled
• Environment variables configured per environment
• Health check endpoint responds correctly
• Error tracking and monitoring integrated
• Logging level configured (not debug in production)
• Resource limits configured
• Database migrations applied
• Static assets built and served from CDN or cache
• Feature flags toggled appropriately
• Rollback plan documented and tested

Monitoring and Alerting

Rules

• Prefer composition over inheritance
• Favor immutable data structures
• Use dependency injection for testability
• Keep functions pure when possible — no side effects
• Fail fast with clear error messages
• Don't repeat yourself (DRY) — extract shared logic
• Keep it simple (KISS) — avoid unnecessary complexity
• You aren't gonna need it (YAGNI) — build what's required
• Separate concerns — single responsibility per module
• Code to interfaces, not implementations
• Write self-documenting code — clear names over comments
• Prefer standard library over third-party dependencies
• Handle errors explicitly — no silent failures
• Validate inputs at boundaries
• Log at appropriate levels (debug, info, warn, error)

Implementation Patterns

Pattern: MediatR + CQRS Pipeline

public class GetOrderQuery : IRequest<OrderDto>
{
    public Guid OrderId { get; init; }
}

public class GetOrderHandler : IRequestHandler<GetOrderQuery, OrderDto>
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _repository;
    private readonly IMapper _mapper;

    public GetOrderHandler(IOrderRepository repository, IMapper mapper)
    {
        _repository = repository;
        _mapper = mapper;
    }

    public async Task<OrderDto> Handle(GetOrderQuery request, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var order = await _repository.GetByIdAsync(request.OrderId, ct);
        return _mapper.Map<OrderDto>(order);
    }
}

Pattern: FluentValidation Pipeline Behaviour

public class ValidationBehavior<TRequest, TResponse> : IPipelineBehavior<TRequest, TResponse>
    where TRequest : IRequest<TResponse>
{
    private readonly IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> _validators;

    public ValidationBehavior(IEnumerable<IValidator<TRequest>> validators)
    {
        _validators = validators;
    }

    public async Task<TResponse> Handle(TRequest request, RequestHandlerDelegate<TResponse> next, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        if (!_validators.Any()) return await next();

        var context = new ValidationContext<TRequest>(request);
        var failures = _validators
            .Select(v => v.Validate(context))
            .SelectMany(r => r.Errors)
            .Where(f => f != null)
            .ToList();

        if (failures.Count != 0)
            throw new ValidationException(failures);

        return await next();
    }
}

Production Considerations

• .NET version upgrades: plan for LTS releases. Test against previews. Deprecation window: 6 months.
• Assembly binding redirects: audit for version conflicts. Central package management with Directory.Packages.props.
• Startup performance: ReadyToRun images. Assembly trimming for self-contained deployments.
• Memory management: configure GC mode (Server vs Workstation). Monitor # Gen 0/1/2 collections.
• Thread pool sizing: avoid thread pool starvation in async code. Use Task.Run only for CPU-bound work.
• Connection pooling: default 100 per connection string. Tune based on concurrent request volume.
• Health checks: AddHealthChecks with liveness (light) and readiness (deep) probes.
• Distributed tracing: OpenTelemetry with W3C TraceContext. Export to Datadog, Jaeger, or AppInsights.

Anti-Patterns

Performance Optimization

• AsNoTracking() for read-only queries. Skip EF change tracker overhead.
• Compiled queries with EF.Functions.Like for dynamic filtering.
• ValueTask for synchronous completion paths. Avoid Task allocation.
• Array pool (System.Buffers.ArrayPool<T>) for buffer-heavy operations.
• StringBuilder pool for string concatenation in hot paths.
• Lazy initialization with Lazy<T> and LazyInitializer.
• ConcurrentDictionary over locks for read-heavy caches.
• Span/memory for high-performance parsing. Zero-allocation string processing.
• IAsyncEnumerable<T> for streaming large result sets.
• JSON source generators for AOT-native serialization.

Security Considerations

• Data protection: IDataProtector for encrypting sensitive data. Key management with Azure Key Vault.
• ASP.NET Core Data Protection API for cookie, CSRF, and anti-forgery tokens.
• Authentication: JWT Bearer with short expiry (15 min). Refresh tokens with rotation.
• Authorization: policy-based with claims. [Authorize(Policy = "RequireAdmin")].
• Anti-forgery: [AutoValidateAntiforgeryToken] on all POST endpoints.
• CORS: restrict origins. No wildcard in production.
• CSP: Content-Security-Policy header. Restrict script-src and style-src.
• Input validation: [FromBody] with [Required] attributes. FluentValidation for complex rules.
• Output encoding: Razor auto-encodes. API responses use content negotiation.
• Secrets: User Secrets in dev. Azure Key Vault / AWS Secrets Manager in prod.

Performance Optimization

Caching Strategy

Cache hierarchy: L1 (in-memory local) → L2 (distributed Redis/Memcached) → L3 (CDN/Edge). Cache invalidation: TTL-based (simple, stale), event-based (complex, fresh), write-through (consistent, higher write latency), write-behind (fast writes, eventual consistency).

Resource Pooling

• Database connections: Pool of reusable connections (HikariCP, pgBouncer)
• HTTP connections: Keep-alive + connection pooling for external calls
• Thread pool: Bounded thread pools for async task execution

Profiling Methodology

1. Establish baseline with production traffic profile
2. Profile CPU with sampling profiler (pprof, perf, async-profiler)
3. Profile memory with heap dumps and allocation tracking
4. Profile I/O with strace/perf trace for syscall analysis
5. Profile latency with distributed tracing (OpenTelemetry)
6. Identify bottleneck, formulate hypothesis, implement fix
7. Re-profile to verify improvement, repeat

Security Considerations

Threat Modeling (STRIDE)

• Spoofing: Identity validation, authentication
• Tampering: Integrity checks, digital signatures
• Repudiation: Audit logs, non-repudiation
• Information disclosure: Encryption, access control
• Denial of service: Rate limiting, resource quotas
• Elevation of privilege: Principle of least privilege

Supply Chain Security

• Dependency scanning: Snyk, Dependabot, Trivy
• SBOM generation: CycloneDX or SPDX format
• Signed commits: GPG or SSH commit signing
• Artifact verification: Checksum validation, signature verification

Secrets Management

• Secrets never in code — always in secrets manager (Vault, AWS Secrets Manager)
• Rotation policy: Rotate database credentials every 90 days
• Access audit: Log every secrets access, alert on anomalies
• Encryption at rest and in transit for all secrets
• Principle of least privilege: each service gets only its own secrets