Sandbox

Fence the loop

A permission mode decides whether a call runs. A sandbox decides what a command can reach once it is running, and the OS enforces that on every child process. An unattended loop needs the second kind: nobody is at the prompt to answer for the first.

Runtime scope

The configuration and container example below are Claude Code-specific. Do not copy those settings into Codex. For Codex, use its native sandbox and approval controls as documented in the configuration reference. A read-only sandbox constrains filesystem writes; approval policy is a separate control. Native hooks are not a replacement for OS confinement. Custom Codex role defaults can be superseded by the parent turn's permissions; see docs/runtime-controls.md before delegating work that requires a hard boundary. Client qualification remains in the compatibility catalog.

The Claude Code sandbox

It "runs on macOS, Linux, and WSL2. Native Windows is not supported"; Linux and WSL2 need bubblewrap and socat installed first. Put this in ~/.claude/settings.json to cover every project; the /sandbox panel writes enabled to .claude/settings.local.json for one project.

{
  "sandbox": {
    "enabled": true,
    "failIfUnavailable": true,
    "allowUnsandboxedCommands": false,
    "network": { "allowedDomains": [], "strictAllowlist": true },
    "filesystem": { "denyRead": ["~/.ssh", "~/.aws", "~/.config/gh"] }
  }
}

strictAllowlist over an empty allowedDomains is network off: Claude Code then "denies sandboxed commands access to any host outside the allowlist instead of prompting". Only user, managed and --settings settings set it; a repository's own file cannot. The deny entries are load-bearing — the default read policy covers the whole disk, and "this default still allows reading credential files such as ~/.aws/credentials and ~/.ssh/." Add sandbox.credentials.envVars entries with "mode": "deny" to unset tokens for sandboxed commands too. failIfUnavailable makes a missing dependency a hard stop rather than a silent unsandboxed fallback, and allowUnsandboxedCommands: false removes the retry-outside escape hatch. Subagents inherit the session's sandbox; commands you type at the ! prompt do not.

For one session, writing no file: claude --settings '{"sandbox":{"enabled":true}}'. Confirm with /sandbox: the Config tab shows the resolved settings, and a Dependencies tab appearing means a package is missing. A prompt titled "Bash command (unsandboxed)" is the signal a command left the boundary. Keys and defaults: https://code.claude.com/docs/en/sandboxing

A container

Harder boundary, coarser tooling. Mount the worktree and nothing else, stay non-root, and let the container be the isolation — do not nest the built-in sandbox inside it.

docker run --rm -it --network none \
  --user "$(id -u):$(id -g)" \
  -v "$PWD:/work" -w /work \
  -v "$HOME/.claude:/config:ro" -e CLAUDE_CONFIG_DIR=/config -e ANTHROPIC_API_KEY \
  <image-with-the-cli> claude --dangerously-skip-permissions -p "<the loop prompt>"

podman substitutes unchanged. What breaks, in order: --network none cuts the model API too, so as written this runs only against a local model — for a loop that must reach the API, allow that one host and nothing else and the shape holds. Then web search and fetch, every MCP server reached over the network, and every package install; a read-only config mount blocks session state and credential writes, so auth arrives by environment variable. Losing all of it is the point when the task parses input you did not write: a path the loop lacks cannot be talked into opening.

Which one

Built-in sandbox for daily work: a settings change, every tool still works, the OS still enforces the boundary. Container for a loop that runs while you sleep, a repo whose build scripts you have not read, or anything handling untrusted content. Neither isolates branches — run inside a worktree as well, per the worktree-per-agent skill.