WebSocket

Reconnection (Always Forget)

• Connections drop silently—TCP FIN may never arrive; don't assume onclose fires
• Exponential backoff: 1s, 2s, 4s, 8s... cap at 30s—prevents thundering herd on server recovery
• Add jitter: delay * (0.5 + Math.random())—prevents synchronized reconnection storms
• Track reconnection state—queue messages during reconnect, replay after
• Max retry limit then surface error to user—don't retry forever silently

Heartbeats (Critical)

• Ping/pong frames at protocol level—browser doesn't expose; use application-level ping
• Send ping every 30s, expect pong within 10s—no pong = connection dead, reconnect
• Server should ping too—detects dead clients, cleans up resources
• Idle timeout in proxies (60-120s typical)—heartbeat must be more frequent
• Don't rely on TCP keepalive—too infrequent, not reliable through proxies

Connection State

• readyState: 0=CONNECTING, 1=OPEN, 2=CLOSING, 3=CLOSED—check before sending
• Buffer messages while CONNECTING—send after OPEN
• bufferedAmount shows queued bytes—pause sending if backpressure building
• Multiple tabs = multiple connections—coordinate via BroadcastChannel or SharedWorker

Authentication

• Token in URL query: wss://host/ws?token=xxx—simple but logged in access logs
• First message auth: connect, send token, wait for ack—cleaner but more round trips
• Cookie auth: works if same origin—but no custom headers in WebSocket
• Reauthenticate after reconnect—don't assume previous session valid

Scaling Challenges

• WebSocket connections are stateful—can't round-robin between servers
• Sticky sessions: route by client ID to same server—or use Redis pub/sub for broadcast
• Each connection holds memory—thousands of connections = significant RAM
• Graceful shutdown: send close frame, wait for clients to reconnect elsewhere

Nginx/Proxy Config

proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
proxy_read_timeout 3600s;

• Without these headers, upgrade fails—connection closes immediately
• proxy_read_timeout must exceed your ping interval—default 60s too short
• Load balancer health checks: separate HTTP endpoint, not WebSocket

Close Codes

• 1000: normal closure; 1001: going away (page close)
• 1006: abnormal (no close frame received)—usually network issue
• 1008: policy violation; 1011: server error
• 4000-4999: application-defined—use for auth failure, rate limit, etc.
• Always send close code and reason—helps debugging

Message Handling

• Text frames for JSON; binary frames for blobs/protobuf—don't mix without framing
• No guaranteed message boundaries in TCP—but WebSocket handles framing for you
• Order preserved per connection—messages arrive in send order
• Large messages may fragment—library handles reassembly; set max message size server-side

Security

• Validate Origin header on handshake—prevent cross-site WebSocket hijacking
• Same-origin policy doesn't apply—any page can connect to your WebSocket server
• Rate limit per connection—one client can flood with messages
• Validate every message—malicious clients can send anything after connecting

Common Mistakes

• No heartbeat—connection appears alive but is dead; messages go nowhere
• Reconnect without backoff—hammers server during outage, prolongs recovery
• Storing state only in connection—lost on reconnect; persist critical state externally
• Huge messages—blocks event loop; stream large data via chunking
• Not handling bufferedAmount—memory grows unbounded if client slower than server