Nes Emu Debug

NES Emulator Debug (Mesen2)

Run NES ROMs headlessly in Mesen2's test runner to inspect runtime state, memory, and screen output. This complements the nes-rom-debug skill (static binary analysis) with dynamic runtime inspection.

Prerequisites

Build the Mesen2 package first:

dotnet build src/dotnes.mesen/dotnes.mesen.csproj

This downloads Mesen2 to src/dotnes.mesen/obj/Debug/mesen/. The executable is:

• Windows: src/dotnes.mesen/obj/Debug/mesen/Mesen.exe
• Linux/macOS: src/dotnes.mesen/obj/Debug/mesen/Mesen

How It Works

Mesen2 has a headless test runner mode that loads a ROM, runs a Lua script, and exits — no window, no GUI. The Lua script has full access to the emulator API: CPU/PPU/APU state, all memory types, screen buffer, frame callbacks, etc.

Basic Invocation

# Find the Mesen executable (works on any OS / config)
$mesenDir = Get-ChildItem "src/dotnes.mesen/obj/*/mesen" -Directory | Select-Object -First 1
$mesenExe = if ($IsWindows -or $env:OS -match 'Windows') {
  Join-Path $mesenDir "Mesen.exe"
} else {
  Join-Path $mesenDir "Mesen"
}
$mesen = (Resolve-Path $mesenExe).Path
$rom   = (Resolve-Path "path/to/rom.nes").Path
$script = (Resolve-Path "path/to/script.lua").Path

$proc = Start-Process -FilePath $mesen -ArgumentList `
  "--testRunner",            # Headless mode (no window)
  "--enableStdout",          # Show ROM loading info on stdout
  "--doNotSaveSettings",     # Don't persist config changes
  "--timeout=30",            # Kill after N seconds if script doesn't call emu.stop()
  "--debug.scriptWindow.allowIoOsAccess=true",  # Enable Lua file I/O
  $script, $rom `
  -PassThru -RedirectStandardOutput out.txt -RedirectStandardError err.txt -NoNewWindow
$proc.WaitForExit(35000)
# Exit code comes from emu.stop(N) in the Lua script, or -1 on timeout

Key Command-Line Flags

Lua Script API Reference

State Access

The state table returned by emu.getState() uses flat dotted-string keys, not nested tables. Access fields with bracket notation:

local state = emu.getState()
-- CORRECT:
local pc = state["cpu.pc"]
local scanline = state["ppu.scanline"]
-- WRONG (nil!):
-- local pc = state.cpu.pc

Key state fields:

Memory Types

Use emu.read(address, memType) to read memory. The address is relative to the start of that memory region (not the CPU/PPU mapped address).

Important: For reading zero page / RAM, use nesInternalRam (direct access), not nesMemory (which goes through the CPU bus and may return stale/zero values in test runner mode). Similarly, use nesPaletteRam for palette, not nesPpuMemory.

Frame Callbacks

Register a callback to run after each frame:

local frameCount = 0
emu.addEventCallback(function()
  frameCount = frameCount + 1
  if frameCount == 120 then
    -- Do your inspection here
    emu.stop(0)  -- exit with code 0
  end
end, emu.eventType.endFrame)

Screen Buffer

local pixels = emu.getScreenBuffer()
-- Returns a Lua table of 61440 ARGB integer values (256 × 240 NES resolution)
-- Each pixel: (A << 24) | (R << 16) | (G << 8) | B

To save as raw RGB file:

local sf = io.open("screen.raw", "wb")
for i = 1, #pixels do
  local p = pixels[i]
  sf:write(string.char((p >> 16) & 0xFF, (p >> 8) & 0xFF, p & 0xFF))
end
sf:close()
-- Result: 184320 bytes (256 × 240 × 3 RGB), convertible with ImageMagick/ffmpeg

Convert to PNG (from PowerShell):

# Using Python PIL/Pillow
python -c "
from PIL import Image
raw = open('screen.raw','rb').read()
img = Image.frombytes('RGB', (256,240), raw)
img.save('screenshot.png')
"
# Or using ffmpeg
ffmpeg -f rawvideo -pixel_format rgb24 -video_size 256x240 -i screen.raw screenshot.png

Exiting

emu.stop(0)    -- exit test runner with code 0 (success)
emu.stop(1)    -- exit with code 1 (failure)
emu.stop(42)   -- any integer exit code

The exit code is returned as the process exit code, so you can check it from PowerShell via $proc.ExitCode.

Lua Script Templates

Template 1: Dump CPU State After N Frames

-- dump_state.lua — Dump CPU/PPU state after N frames
-- Usage: Mesen.exe --testRunner ... dump_state.lua rom.nes
local FRAMES = 120  -- wait 2 seconds (60 fps)
local OUT_FILE = "OUTPUT_PATH"  -- replace with absolute path using forward slashes

local frameCount = 0
emu.addEventCallback(function()
  frameCount = frameCount + 1
  if frameCount == FRAMES then
    local state = emu.getState()
    local f = io.open(OUT_FILE, "w")

    f:write("=== CPU State ===\n")
    f:write(string.format("PC=$%04X  A=$%02X  X=$%02X  Y=$%02X  SP=$%02X  PS=$%02X\n",
      state["cpu.pc"], state["cpu.a"], state["cpu.x"],
      state["cpu.y"], state["cpu.sp"], state["cpu.ps"]))
    f:write("Cycles: " .. state["cpu.cycleCount"] .. "\n")

    f:write("\n=== PPU State ===\n")
    f:write("Scanline: " .. state["ppu.scanline"] .. "  Cycle: " .. state["ppu.cycle"] .. "\n")
    f:write("Frame: " .. state["ppu.frameCount"] .. "\n")
    f:write("NMI enabled: " .. tostring(state["ppu.control.nmiOnVerticalBlank"]) .. "\n")
    f:write("BG enabled: " .. tostring(state["ppu.mask.backgroundEnabled"]) .. "\n")
    f:write("Sprites enabled: " .. tostring(state["ppu.mask.spritesEnabled"]) .. "\n")

    f:close()
    emu.stop(0)
  end
end, emu.eventType.endFrame)

Template 2: Read NES Library Zero Page Variables

The NES library stores state in zero page. Key addresses (from src/dotnes.tasks/Utilities/NESConstants.cs):

-- read_zeropage.lua
local f = io.open("OUTPUT_PATH", "w")

local frameCount = 0
emu.addEventCallback(function()
  frameCount = frameCount + 1
  if frameCount == 120 then
    f:write("=== NES Library Zero Page ===\n")
    -- Names from src/dotnes.tasks/Utilities/NESConstants.cs
    local names = {
      [0x01]="STARTUP", [0x02]="NES_PRG_BANKS", [0x03]="VRAM_UPDATE",
      [0x04]="NAME_UPD_ADR", [0x06]="NAME_UPD_ENABLE", [0x07]="PAL_UPDATE",
      [0x08]="PAL_BG_PTR", [0x0A]="PAL_SPR_PTR",
      [0x0C]="SCROLL_X", [0x0D]="SCROLL_Y", [0x0E]="SCROLL_X1",
      [0x0F]="PPU_CTRL_VAR1", [0x10]="PRG_FILEOFFS", [0x12]="PPU_MASK_VAR",
      [0x14]="NMI_CALLBACK", [0x17]="TEMP", [0x18]="TEMP_HI",
      [0x19]="TEMP2", [0x1A]="TEMP3", [0x1B]="OAM_OFF", [0x1C]="UPDPTR",
      [0x22]="sp", [0x3C]="RAND_SEED"
    }

    for addr = 0, 31 do
      local val = emu.read(addr, emu.memType.nesInternalRam)
      local name = names[addr] or ""
      f:write(string.format("  $%02X = $%02X  %s\n", addr, val, name))
    end

    f:close()
    emu.stop(0)
  end
end, emu.eventType.endFrame)

Template 3: Dump Palette

-- dump_palette.lua
local f = io.open("OUTPUT_PATH", "w")

local frameCount = 0
emu.addEventCallback(function()
  frameCount = frameCount + 1
  if frameCount == 120 then
    f:write("=== Palette RAM ===\n")
    f:write("Background palettes:\n")
    for pal = 0, 3 do
      f:write(string.format("  Palette %d: ", pal))
      for i = 0, 3 do
        local val = emu.read(pal * 4 + i, emu.memType.nesPaletteRam)
        f:write(string.format("$%02X ", val))
      end
      f:write("\n")
    end

    f:write("Sprite palettes:\n")
    for pal = 0, 3 do
      f:write(string.format("  Palette %d: ", pal + 4))
      for i = 0, 3 do
        local val = emu.read(16 + pal * 4 + i, emu.memType.nesPaletteRam)
        f:write(string.format("$%02X ", val))
      end
      f:write("\n")
    end

    f:close()
    emu.stop(0)
  end
end, emu.eventType.endFrame)

Template 4: Dump Nametable Region

-- dump_nametable.lua — Read a rectangular region of the nametable
local NT_BASE = 0       -- 0 for nametable 0, 0x400 for nametable 1
local START_ROW = 0
local END_ROW = 29      -- 30 rows total
local START_COL = 0
local END_COL = 31      -- 32 columns total

local f = io.open("OUTPUT_PATH", "w")

local frameCount = 0
emu.addEventCallback(function()
  frameCount = frameCount + 1
  if frameCount == 120 then
    f:write("=== Nametable ===\n")
    for row = START_ROW, END_ROW do
      f:write(string.format("Row %2d: ", row))
      for col = START_COL, END_COL do
        local addr = NT_BASE + row * 32 + col
        local tile = emu.read(addr, emu.memType.nesNametableRam)
        if tile == 0 then
          f:write(".. ")
        else
          f:write(string.format("%02X ", tile))
        end
      end
      f:write("\n")
    end

    f:close()
    emu.stop(0)
  end
end, emu.eventType.endFrame)

Template 5: Capture Screenshot as Raw RGB

-- capture_screen.lua
local FRAMES = 120
local RAW_FILE = "OUTPUT_PATH.raw"

local frameCount = 0
emu.addEventCallback(function()
  frameCount = frameCount + 1
  if frameCount == FRAMES then
    local pixels = emu.getScreenBuffer()
    local sf = io.open(RAW_FILE, "wb")
    for i = 1, #pixels do
      local p = pixels[i]
      sf:write(string.char((p >> 16) & 0xFF, (p >> 8) & 0xFF, p & 0xFF))
    end
    sf:close()
    emu.stop(0)
  end
end, emu.eventType.endFrame)

Common Debugging Workflows

"The ROM doesn't display correctly"

1. Build the sample and run it in Mesen:

   cd samples/<name> && dotnet build
   

2. Write a Lua script that waits 120 frames, then dumps:
   • Palette RAM (are the colors correct?)
   • Nametable (are tiles where expected?)
   • Zero page (did NES lib vars initialize?)
   • Screen buffer (what does it actually look like?)
3. Compare palette values against what the C# code specifies via pal_col()
4. Compare nametable tiles against what vram_write() should have written

"Compare runtime behavior of two ROMs"

Run the same Lua script against both ROMs and diff the output:

# Run against cc65 reference ROM
Start-Process $mesen ... reference.nes  # writes to ref_state.txt
# Run against dotnes ROM
Start-Process $mesen ... dotnes.nes     # writes to dotnes_state.txt
# Compare
Compare-Object (Get-Content ref_state.txt) (Get-Content dotnes_state.txt)

"Check if a specific memory address has the expected value"

Write a targeted Lua script:

local frameCount = 0
emu.addEventCallback(function()
  frameCount = frameCount + 1
  if frameCount == 120 then
    local val = emu.read(0x0325, emu.memType.nesInternalRam)
    if val == expected then
      emu.stop(0)  -- pass
    else
      emu.stop(1)  -- fail
    end
  end
end, emu.eventType.endFrame)

Then check $proc.ExitCode — 0 means the value matched.

Tips

• Use forward slashes in Lua file paths — Windows Lua handles them fine and avoids double-backslash escaping headaches.
• Use absolute paths for output files. The test runner's working directory may differ from where you launched it. Resolve paths in PowerShell first, then embed them in the Lua script.
• PowerShell string interpolation: Use @"..."@ (expandable here-string) to embed paths into Lua scripts. Replace \ with / first. **Note:** The closing "@ must be at column 1 (no leading whitespace):

  $outPath = ($PWD.Path) -replace '','/'
  $luaScript = @"
  local f = io.open("$outPath/output.txt", "w")
  "@
  

• Frame count: 60 frames ≈ 1 second of NES time. Most samples finish initialization within 60-120 frames.
• Exit code -1 means timeout — your script didn't call emu.stop() within the --timeout period. Check for Lua errors by wrapping code in pcall() and writing error messages to a file.
• Palette color 0x0F is black in the NES palette. If all non-background palette entries are 0x0F, the sample likely didn't call pal_col().
• Screen buffer is always 256×240 (standard NES resolution) regardless of overscan settings.