Postgresql Development Cloudbase

Standalone Install Note

If this environment only installed the current skill, start from the CloudBase main entry and use the published cloudbase/references/... paths for sibling skills.

• CloudBase main entry: https://cnb.cool/tencent/cloud/cloudbase/cloudbase-skills/-/git/raw/main/skills/cloudbase/SKILL.md
• Current skill raw source: https://cnb.cool/tencent/cloud/cloudbase/cloudbase-skills/-/git/raw/main/skills/cloudbase/references/postgresql-development/SKILL.md

CloudBase PostgreSQL Development

Activation Contract

Use this first when

• The task says CloudBase PG, PostgreSQL, Postgres, PG mode, RLS, JS SDK v3 PostgreSQL, app.rdb(), queryPgDatabase, or managePgDatabase.
• A Web app or CMS must persist business data in CloudBase PostgreSQL instead of NoSQL or MySQL.

Then also read

• Web auth provider readiness -> ../auth-tool/SKILL.md (standalone fallback: https://cnb.cool/tencent/cloud/cloudbase/cloudbase-skills/-/git/raw/main/skills/cloudbase/references/auth-tool/SKILL.md)
• Web login implementation -> ../auth-web/SKILL.md (standalone fallback: https://cnb.cool/tencent/cloud/cloudbase/cloudbase-skills/-/git/raw/main/skills/cloudbase/references/auth-web/SKILL.md)
• General Web implementation and verification -> ../web-development/SKILL.md (standalone fallback: https://cnb.cool/tencent/cloud/cloudbase/cloudbase-skills/-/git/raw/main/skills/cloudbase/references/web-development/SKILL.md)
• Browser storage upload -> ../cloud-storage-web/SKILL.md (standalone fallback: https://cnb.cool/tencent/cloud/cloudbase/cloudbase-skills/-/git/raw/main/skills/cloudbase/references/cloud-storage-web/SKILL.md)
• Raw HTTP API details only when SDK coverage is blocked -> ../http-api/SKILL.md (standalone fallback: https://cnb.cool/tencent/cloud/cloudbase/cloudbase-skills/-/git/raw/main/skills/cloudbase/references/http-api/SKILL.md)
• PG reference index -> references/index.md
• PG mode overview -> references/pg-mode-overview.md
• Auth / GRANT / RLS details -> references/auth-and-rls.md
• End-to-end PG app closure -> references/app-workflow.md
• PG storage details -> references/storage-pg.md
• HTTP API fallback -> references/http-api.md
• Troubleshooting -> references/troubleshooting.md

Do NOT use first

• relational-database-tool / querySqlDatabase / manageSqlDatabase: those are MySQL-oriented.
• no-sql-web-sdk / collection APIs for business data that must live in CloudBase PG.

Required Flow

🚨 CRITICAL: PG mode API is NOT the same as NoSQL

CloudBase PG (app.rdb(), app.storage.from('bucket')) uses different API method names than CloudBase NoSQL (app.database(), app.uploadFile()). Low-capability models often paste legacy NoSQL/auth snippets from training; reject that path immediately. If this task is PG-backed, do not write app.database(), db.collection(...), app.uploadFile(), getLoginState(), or route guards based on auth.getUser(). Use app.rdb(), PG storage v3, and auth.getSession() instead. If you are used to writing .where(), .orderBy(), .count() from other ORMs or NoSQL — stop and read the table below.

If you find yourself typing .where() or .orderBy() or .count() — stop and use the correct method from the right column.

0. First, confirm this environment actually has PostgreSQL provisioned. Call envQuery(action="info", envId=...) and read the derived EnvInfo.RuntimeBackends block ({ postgresql, nosql, mysql }) along with EnvInfo.RuntimeMode. It is only safe to apply this skill's PG-specific guidance when RuntimeBackends.postgresql === true (equivalently, EnvInfo.PostgreSQL is non-empty AND/OR EnvInfo.Meta contains postgresql=enable).
   • PG mode is a new-environment mode selected when creating a CloudBase environment with PostgreSQL. Do not try to "upgrade" a legacy environment in place; create/select a PG-mode environment instead.
   • If RuntimeBackends.postgresql === false, STOP — this is a legacy NoSQL-only env: switch to no-sql-web-sdk for browser data and cloud-storage-web (with app.uploadFile()) for uploads. Do not write app.rdb() code, do not enable RLS, do not create a pgstore bucket here.
   • If both postgresql and nosql are true (the common case in a PG environment), they coexist. Apply this skill to NEW business data the task asks you to put in PG (e.g. articles / role tables explicitly described as PG). Existing NoSQL collections, the bucket reported in EnvInfo.Storages[], and any managePermissions(resourceType="noSqlDatabase") rules continue to govern the legacy NoSQL data — do NOT migrate or rewrite them unless the task explicitly asks.
   • RuntimeBackends.mysql === false is the only hard "do not use" signal: when MySQL is absent, do not use manageSqlDatabase / querySqlDatabase and do not consult the relational-database-tool skill; those are MySQL-specific and have nothing to do with CloudBase PG.
   • Note: in a PG env, EnvInfo.Storages[] is the legacy NoSQL bucket. It still works for legacy app.uploadFile() flows but is NOT a usable pgstore bucket — never reuse it as the <bucket> segment in app.storage.from('<bucket>').upload('<key>', file).

Creating a PG-mode environment

If step 0 shows RuntimeBackends.postgresql === false and you need PostgreSQL, create a new environment with PG enabled:

• Via MCP: manageEnv(action="create", alias="my-env", packageId="baas_personal", resources=["flexdb","storage","function","postgresql"], confirm="yes")
• Via CLI: tcb env create --alias my-env --package baas_personal --postgresql --yes
• Via Console: Create environment

1. Inspect the existing app surfaces first: src/lib/backend.*, src/lib/auth.*, src/lib/*service.*, route guards, and the handlers bound to existing forms.

2. Check PG state through MCP: use queryPgDatabase for schema/read-only inspection and managePgDatabase for DDL/DML. Do not switch to MySQL tools. For the complete route map, read references/index.md.

3. Understand PG roles before writing code: Publishable Key maps to anon; a logged-in user's access token maps to authenticated; API Key maps to service_role and bypasses RLS. Never expose API Key / service_role credentials in frontend code. See references/auth-and-rls.md.

4. Use schema management (managePgDatabase) before writing CRUD code: Create tables via managePgDatabase(action=execute, confirm=true) with CREATE TABLE SQL, then apply GRANT + RLS before browser access. The minimum SQL bundle is: CREATE TABLE, GRANT SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE TO authenticated, GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON SEQUENCE ... TO authenticated when using serial/bigserial, ALTER TABLE ... ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY, and CREATE POLICY ... USING / WITH CHECK. See references/auth-and-rls.md for the full template. For structured schema changes, use the migration workflow:

   • managePgDatabase(action=planMigration, sql=...) — preview migration plan via PreviewPGUserMigrations
   • managePgDatabase(action=applyMigration, sql=..., confirm=true) — batch-apply migrations via PushPGUserMigrations
   • managePgDatabase(action=listMigrations) — list all applied migrations
   • managePgDatabase(action=migrationDetail, objectName=...) — inspect a single migration
   • managePgDatabase(action=rollbackMigration, objectName=..., confirm=true) — roll back a migration

   🚨 CRITICAL: Inspect table existence and column names before CREATE TABLE. CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS silently skips when the table already exists, even if the column names are wrong. Always call queryPgDatabase(action="sql", sql="SELECT column_name, data_type FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name='xxx'") first to check whether the table exists and what exact column names it uses. If the table already exists with mismatched column names (e.g. user_id instead of uid), you must either:

   • ALTER TABLE to add/rename/drop columns, or
   • DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ... CASCADE and recreate (only when data loss is acceptable, e.g. disposable/evaluation environments).
   • Do NOT rely on CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS silent skip — it will cause all downstream CRUD queries to fail with wrong field names.
   • After DDL, re-query the schema and compare every column name used by frontend code, insert/update payloads, filters, ordering, and RLS policies.

5. Check username-password auth before coding login:

   • Call queryAppAuth(action="getLoginConfig").
   • If loginMethods.usernamePassword !== true, call manageAppAuth(action="patchLoginStrategy", patch={ usernamePassword: true }).
   • In Web login code, use auth.signInWithPassword({ username, password }) for plain usernames like admin or editor.
   • Do not assume auth.signUp({ username, password }) can directly create username/password users. Confirm queryAppAuth sdkHints and the installed @cloudbase/js-sdk behavior first; if direct username signup is unsupported, implement registration through a backend/management boundary instead of exposing secret keys in the browser.

6. Implement Web auth state with auth.getSession() before writing CRUD:

   • Route guards must check data.session, not auth.getUser() and not deprecated getLoginState().
   • Treat login as successful only when signInWithPassword(...) returns no error and includes data.session.
   • Get the UID for author_id / role rows from data.session.user.id (fall back to sub/uid only after inspecting the actual session object).
   • Do not use auth.getUser() as proof of login; it can return a non-null wrapper or anonymous-looking user data when there is no real username/password session.

7. Implement browser-side business data with the CloudBase JS SDK v3 PostgreSQL API first: app.rdb().from(table). Use the latest @cloudbase/js-sdk when app.rdb is missing (xxx.rdb is not a function means the SDK is too old).

8. Do not manually fetch a CloudBase Auth bearer token from browser code for PG CRUD. In particular, do not call non-canonical helpers such as currentUser.getIdToken() unless you have verified that exact method exists in the installed SDK. Prefer app.rdb() so the SDK carries the active session.

9. Use the official CloudBase PG SQL auth helpers in policies: auth.uid() for JWT sub, auth.role() for anon / authenticated / service_role, auth.jwt() for full claims, and auth.email() when email is needed. Still verify the policy through the real app session before claiming it works:

   • Log in through the real app path.
   • Insert a test row using author_id = session.user.id.
   • Read it back with queryPgDatabase.
   • If INSERT/SELECT fails, inspect the exact RLS error and fix the policy or switch to a server/RPC boundary. Do not leave browser-facing tables with broken RLS.
   • ⚠️ Do NOT use current_user or current_setting(...) in RLS policies. current_user in PostgreSQL returns the database role name (e.g. authenticated), NOT the CloudBase auth user ID. Always use auth.uid() for user identity checks. If you are unsure whether the auth helpers are available, run SELECT proname FROM pg_proc WHERE pronamespace = 'auth'::regnamespace to list all available auth.* functions.

10. Use PG HTTP API only as a fallback after reading OpenAPI docs and verifying the auth model in the installed SDK. Do not guess URLs such as /api/v1/rdb/rest; the documented base is https://<envId>.api.tcloudbasegateway.com/v1/rdb/rest/<table> and auth is Authorization: Bearer <Publishable Key | access_token | API Key>.

11. Keep cover images in CloudBase Storage. Store only the final file URL or file metadata in PG.

12. Verify both layers before claiming done: project build/typecheck and browser E2E for login/CRUD, then read back rows with queryPgDatabase. When debugging RLS, run SQL as authenticated / anon if the tool supports role simulation; admin/default execution can bypass the user-facing failure.

Exploration Budget

• Optimize for a working user flow before broad research.
• If the task is a Web app with PG-backed CRUD, read references/app-workflow.md and follow that closure path before looking up optional HTTP API details.
• Do not query the same documentation family more than twice for the same question. If the second lookup does not unblock you, inspect the installed SDK surface or the exact runtime error instead.
• Once you choose app.rdb() for browser CRUD, stop researching raw PG HTTP APIs unless app.rdb() is missing or demonstrably fails.
• After a DDL failure, retry SQL at most twice. Then call queryPgDatabase(action="objects") to find the schema-qualified table name, then queryPgDatabase(action="schema", objectName="public.your_table"), read the exact error, and simplify the schema or permission plan.
• Avoid long task-management loops for targeted repairs. Read the active files, execute the minimum platform setup, edit code, and verify.
• File read budget: Do NOT read the same file more than 2 times. If you need to re-read a file after 2 reads, use Grep for targeted search or Read with explicit offset/limit to target specific line ranges. Move on to editing or verifying instead of re-reading.

Data Model Rules

• Use CloudBase Auth / CloudBase PG built-in auth identity as the user source. Do not copy an extra identity table unless the app needs one.
• Keep business roles in PG when the app needs admin/editor behavior, e.g. user_roles with uid, username, and role. The uid value must be the same value the Web session uses as session.user.id, and must match any database policy expression you use.
• Keep content tables in PG, e.g. articles or posts with owner UID columns.
• Prefer snake_case physical columns (author_id, author_name, cover_image, created_at, updated_at) for PG tables. If UI fields are camelCase, map them explicitly at the service boundary.
• Treat the schema returned by queryPgDatabase(action="schema", objectName="public.your_table") as the source of truth. objectName is required and must be schema-qualified; if you do not know it yet, call queryPgDatabase(action="objects") first. If an existing table has authorid/updatedat, either use those exact column names in code or explicitly migrate/drop-recreate the table before writing code that expects author_id/updated_at.
• CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS does not change an existing incompatible schema. In evaluation or disposable environments, prefer a deliberate DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ... CASCADE followed by CREATE TABLE ... when you need a known schema.
• After DDL, query the table schema again and compare every column used by frontend code, insert/update payloads, filters, ordering, and RLS policies.
• Backend permission must exist in the database or server/RPC layer. Hiding buttons in the UI is not enough.
• Do not leave a browser-facing table with RLS enabled and zero policies. PostgreSQL denies user reads/writes by default in that state, so app.rdb().from("articles").insert(...) can fail while the UI only shows a generic save failure. If you enable RLS, create and verify SELECT/INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE policies before testing the app.
• Use CloudBase PG's official SQL auth helpers in policies: auth.uid() (JWT sub), auth.role() (anon / authenticated / service_role), auth.jwt() (full claims), and auth.email() when relevant. Prefer owner columns such as owner_id varchar(64) DEFAULT auth.uid() so the database, not the browser, assigns ownership.
• If you need detailed GRANT/RLS rules, read references/rls-patterns.md before writing policies.
• For admin/editor flows, make admin able to operate all rows and editor only rows where owner UID matches the current user.

JS SDK v3 PostgreSQL Patterns

Table name rules (important):

• ✅ db.from("articles") — recommended
• ✅ db.from("public.articles") — also valid (single schema prefix)
• ❌ db.from("public.public.articles") — WRONG, double schema prefix, will fail with PGRST205
• objectName="public.articles" in queryPgDatabase() is the MCP tool format — do NOT copy this into db.from().

Use static imports and one shared app.rdb() client:

import cloudbase from '@cloudbase/js-sdk';

const app = cloudbase.init({ env: import.meta.env.VITE_CLOUDBASE_ENV_ID });
export const auth = app.auth();
export const db = app.rdb();

Minimal auth helpers — only use auth.getSession(), never auth.getUser():

async function getActiveSession() {
  const { data, error } = await auth.getSession();
  if (error || !data?.session || data.session.user?.is_anonymous)
    return null;
  return data.session;
}

Canonical CRUD shapes (copy these exactly):

// READ
const { data, error } = await db.from('articles').select('*');
// CREATE — omit owner_id/author_id when the table defines DEFAULT auth.uid()
const { data, error } = await db.from('articles').insert({ title, status: 'draft' });
// UPDATE
await db.from('articles').update({ status }).eq('id', id);
// DELETE
await db.from('articles').delete().eq('id', id);
// RPC
const { data } = await db.rpc('function_name', { id });

Common query helpers: .eq(), .neq(), .gt(), .gte(), .lt(), .lte(), .like(), .ilike(), .in(), .is(), .order(), .limit(), .range(), .single().

⚠️ Critical: PG API is NOT the same as CloudBase NoSQL or other ORMs

CloudBase PG (app.rdb()) uses postgREST-style query helpers, NOT CloudBase NoSQL (app.database()) API and NOT common ORM conventions. Do NOT use:

Golden rule: app.rdb() 的查询链只使用上方 "Common query helpers" 列出的 helper 方法。如果你习惯写 .where() / .orderBy() / .count()，请立即改用对应的 postgREST 方法。Supabase 的 @supabase/postgrest-js 同样不使用这些方法名。

Storage (v3): use app.storage.from('<bucket>').upload('<key>', file) — check installed SDK surface before copying:

const { data } = await app.storage.from('covers').upload(`${file.name}`, file);

Bucket existence is mandatory (Supabase parity)

CloudBase PG storage uses the pgstore backend and follows the same model as Supabase Storage: every upload must target a bucket that already exists. The browser SDK cannot create one. Before writing any upload code:

1. Confirm a usable pgstore bucket exists for your target prefix (e.g. covers). The legacy NoSQL bucket exposed by DescribeEnvs.Storages[] (e.g. 6d63-…-1409864723) is for the old NoSQL backend and does NOT serve pgstore uploads.
2. If no usable bucket exists, create one through the PG storage management surface (PG storage HTTP API / CLI / console / SQL on storage.buckets when appropriate). Do not assume traditional-mode storage tools or adding covers/ as a JS path prefix will create a PG bucket.
3. The bucket name belongs in from('<bucket>'); the key passed to upload(key, file) is inside that bucket and must not repeat the bucket prefix. Correct: app.storage.from('covers').upload('a.png', file). Wrong: app.storage.from('covers').upload('covers/a.png', file).
4. After creating the bucket, configure RLS on storage.objects via managePgDatabase(action="execute", confirm=true). The default RLS is deny all; without permissive policies the browser receives STORAGE_PERMISSION_DENIED. See cloud-storage-web/SKILL.md "Post-bucket: storage RLS" section for the exact SQL policies.

Failure-mode cheat sheet (read DevTools network tab on the FAILED POST .../v1/storages/get-objects-upload-info):

If you see PUT https://undefined/ and net::ERR_NAME_NOT_RESOLVED in DevTools, that is the symptom of one of the three rows above — the upstream metadata response had no uploadUrl field, and the SDK fed undefined into a follow-up PUT. Always inspect the upstream get-objects-upload-info response first; do not chase the https://undefined/ URL itself.

Hard rule: never let an upload error be silently swallowed. If uploadCoverImage() rejects, the surrounding createArticle() flow MUST reject too — do not insert into PG with a fabricated cover URL, do not show a success toast, and do not retry with a guessed bucket name.

ExecutePGSql / DDL Troubleshooting

• ExecutePGSql / managePgDatabase(action="execute") is an admin/control-plane path. Do not expose Tencent Cloud SecretKey or CloudBase API Key in frontend code.
• Execute one SQL statement per call. Split batches explicitly instead of sending semicolon-joined multi-statements.
• Some DDL (CREATE / ALTER / DROP / GRANT / REVOKE / TRUNCATE / COMMENT) can fail directly with transient InternalError. If that happens, retry once by wrapping the DDL in DO $$ BEGIN EXECUTE '...'; END $$ and escaping single quotes inside the string.
• When validating permissions, use the user-facing role (anon or authenticated) when the tool/API supports a role parameter. Default admin execution can hide missing GRANT/RLS policies.

HTTP API Fallback

• PG HTTP API is in the CloudBase relational database HTTP API family, together with MySQL. In MCP docs/search this appears under mysqldb.
• Before writing raw fetch() code, query OpenAPI docs: searchKnowledgeBase(mode="openapi", apiName="mysqldb", query="PostgreSQL fetch insert update rpc").
• Do not construct /api/v1/rdb/rest or /api/v1/rdb/rest/rpc from memory. A guessed path that returns 404 is a hard blocker; switch back to JS SDK v3 or read the OpenAPI contract.
• If environment variables expose TCB_HTTP_API_BASE_URL / VITE_TCB_HTTP_API_BASE_URL, treat them as the base only. The path, method, headers, and auth model must still come from OpenAPI docs or an existing working helper.

Frontend Guardrails

Avoid dynamic helper traps:

• Do not write function getAuth() { return (await import("./backend")).auth; }; either use a top-level static import or make the function async.
• Do not write typeof import !== "undefined" in Vite; use import.meta.env directly.
• Do not keep editing after Vite reports a transform error. Fix syntax first, rerun build, then test the browser flow.
• Do not spend time reverse-engineering unrelated SDK internals when a documented v3 surface exists. Use the documented app.rdb() / app.storage.from() APIs first.

Quick Checks

• PG schema exists and matches the service code.
• Username login is enabled and code uses username APIs, not email APIs.
• Data writes reach CloudBase PG via JS SDK v3 app.rdb() or a documented HTTP API path, not local state, mock arrays, or guessed 404 endpoints.
• Browser PG code must not depend on user.getIdToken() or invented token helpers. If raw HTTP is unavoidable, first inspect the installed CloudBase Web SDK/auth API and prove the request succeeds with the current user session.
• Editor permission is enforced outside the UI.
• A pgstore bucket that matches the upload path (e.g. covers) exists BEFORE any browser upload runs. If it does not, create it via a management surface; the v3 SDK will not create one for you.
• Storage upload returns a usable URL and that URL is persisted with the article. Upload errors must propagate — do not insert an article row with a placeholder cover URL.