Benchmarking Cairo

Benchmarking Cairo

Overview

Profile Cairo function execution to identify hotspots by steps, calls, range checks, and other builtins. Works with both scarb execute (standalone programs) and snforge test (Starknet Foundry tests).

If tools are missing, see installation.md in this skill directory. The CLI script is profile.py in this skill directory.

REQUIRED: Use the CLI

Always use python3 profile.py profile (from this skill directory) for profiling. Do NOT run snforge/cairo-profiler/pprof manually — the CLI handles the full pipeline deterministically (trace generation, profile building, PNG export, naming).

snforge mode (test functions)

python3 profile.py profile \
  --mode snforge \
  --package falcon \
  --test test_ntt_zknox_vs_felt252 \
  --name ntt-zknox-reduced \
  --metric steps

scarb mode (standalone executables)

python3 profile.py profile \
  --mode scarb \
  --package falcon \
  --executable bench_ntt \
  --args-file tests/data/ntt_input_512.json \
  --name ntt-felt252 \
  --metric steps

CLI arguments

CLI exit codes — act on errors

Output

The CLI produces two files in profiles/:

profiles/YY-MM-DD-HH:MM_<package>_<name>_<metric>_<commit>.pb.gz
profiles/YY-MM-DD-HH:MM_<package>_<name>_<metric>_<commit>.png

After running the CLI, always read the PNG to verify the profile shows the expected functions.

Pitfalls

Stale trace files

snfoundry_trace/ keeps old traces. If you change code and re-profile, you MUST re-run snforge test --save-trace-data (the CLI does this automatically). Never build a profile from a trace that predates your code change.

Missing functions in the PNG

If a function doesn't appear in the PNG, it may be below the --nodefraction threshold. Use --nodefraction 0 to show all nodes. You can also check the text output (printed by the CLI) — functions with 0 flat steps but high cumulative steps are wrappers that delegate all work to callees.

Timestamp mismatch between pb.gz and png

When running steps manually, the pb.gz and png may get different timestamps if they cross a minute boundary. The CLI computes the timestamp once so both files always match.

Manual profiling (advanced)

For interactive exploration beyond what the CLI provides:

# Launch web UI for interactive flame graphs
pprof -http=:8080 profiles/<name>.pb.gz

# View specific sample in terminal
cairo-profiler view profiles/<name>.pb.gz --sample steps --limit 20

# List available samples
cairo-profiler view profiles/<name>.pb.gz --list-samples

Metric reference

L2 Gas profiling (snforge)

L2 gas requires all three:

1. [cairo] enable-gas = true in Scarb.toml
2. --metric l2-gas (uses sierra-gas tracking)
3. Dispatcher pattern — profiled code must run inside a deployed contract

#[starknet::interface]
trait IBench<TContractState> {
    fn my_function(self: @TContractState) -> felt252;
}

#[starknet::contract]
mod bench { /* ... */ }

// Test using dispatcher
#[test]
fn bench_my_function() {
    let contract = declare("bench").unwrap().contract_class();
    let (addr, _) = contract.deploy(@array![]).unwrap();
    let dispatcher = IBenchDispatcher { contract_address: addr };
    dispatcher.my_function();
}

Known limitation: Syscall execution costs (secp256r1, keccak, etc.) are not attributed in the l2 gas profile. Use snforge test output for total gas; use profiler for relative hotspot analysis within Cairo code.