Performance Optimization

Performance Optimization

Overview

Measure first, optimize second. Never optimize without profiling data — intuition about bottlenecks is wrong ~90% of the time.

Core principle: Profile → Identify bottleneck → Fix → Measure improvement → Repeat.

When to Use

• Slow API responses or page loads
• High CPU/memory usage
• Database query performance issues
• Before scaling infrastructure (optimize first, scale second)

The Optimization Loop

1. Define target metric (e.g., p95 < 200ms)
2. Profile to find actual bottleneck
3. Fix the #1 bottleneck only
4. Measure — did it improve?
5. Repeat until target met

Common Bottlenecks by Layer

Database (most common)

• N+1 queries → eager loading / batch queries
• Missing indexes → add index on WHERE/JOIN/ORDER columns
• Full table scans → check EXPLAIN plan
• Over-fetching → SELECT only needed columns

Application

• Synchronous I/O → async/concurrent
• Unnecessary computation in hot paths → cache or precompute
• Memory leaks → profile heap, check for growing collections
• Serialization overhead → use faster serializer or reduce payload

Network

• Too many round trips → batch requests, GraphQL
• Large payloads → compress, paginate, lazy load
• No caching → add Cache-Control headers, ETags
• DNS/TLS overhead → connection pooling, keep-alive

Frontend

• Large bundle → code splitting, tree shaking
• Render blocking → lazy load below-fold content
• Too many re-renders → memoize, virtualize lists
• Unoptimized images → WebP, responsive sizes, CDN

Anti-Patterns

Integration

• magic-powers:database-optimization — deep dive on query performance
• magic-powers:caching-strategy — when caching is the right fix
• magic-powers:infrastructure-review — when scaling is needed after optimization