Analyzing Windows Registry For Artifacts

分析 Windows 注册表取证痕迹

适用场景

• 在事件期间调查 Windows 系统上的用户活动时
• 识别恶意软件使用的自启动/持久化机制时
• 追踪已安装软件、USB 设备及网络连接时
• 内部威胁调查中重建用户操作时
• 将注册表时间戳与其他取证痕迹关联时

前置条件

• 取证镜像或提取的注册表配置单元文件
• RegRipper、Registry Explorer（Eric Zimmerman）或 python-registry
• 访问注册表配置单元位置（SAM、SYSTEM、SOFTWARE、NTUSER.DAT、UsrClass.dat）
• 了解 Windows 注册表结构（配置单元、键、值）
• SIFT Workstation 或取证分析环境

工作流程

步骤 1：从取证镜像提取注册表配置单元

# 以只读方式挂载取证镜像
mkdir /mnt/evidence
mount -o ro,loop,offset=$((2048*512)) /cases/case-2024-001/images/evidence.dd /mnt/evidence

# 复制系统注册表配置单元
cp /mnt/evidence/Windows/System32/config/SAM /cases/case-2024-001/registry/
cp /mnt/evidence/Windows/System32/config/SYSTEM /cases/case-2024-001/registry/
cp /mnt/evidence/Windows/System32/config/SOFTWARE /cases/case-2024-001/registry/
cp /mnt/evidence/Windows/System32/config/SECURITY /cases/case-2024-001/registry/
cp /mnt/evidence/Windows/System32/config/DEFAULT /cases/case-2024-001/registry/

# 复制用户特定配置单元
cp /mnt/evidence/Users/*/NTUSER.DAT /cases/case-2024-001/registry/
cp /mnt/evidence/Users/*/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/UsrClass.dat /cases/case-2024-001/registry/

# 复制事务日志（用于脏配置单元恢复）
cp /mnt/evidence/Windows/System32/config/*.LOG* /cases/case-2024-001/registry/logs/

# 对所有提取的配置单元进行哈希
sha256sum /cases/case-2024-001/registry/* > /cases/case-2024-001/registry/hive_hashes.txt

步骤 2：使用 RegRipper 自动提取取证痕迹

# 安装 RegRipper
git clone https://github.com/keydet89/RegRipper3.0.git /opt/regripper

# 对 NTUSER.DAT（用户配置文件）运行 RegRipper
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/NTUSER.DAT \
   -f ntuser > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/ntuser_report.txt

# 对 SYSTEM 配置单元运行
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SYSTEM \
   -f system > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/system_report.txt

# 对 SOFTWARE 配置单元运行
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SOFTWARE \
   -f software > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/software_report.txt

# 对 SAM 配置单元（用户账户）运行
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SAM \
   -f sam > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/sam_report.txt

# 运行特定插件
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/NTUSER.DAT \
   -p userassist > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/userassist.txt

perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SYSTEM \
   -p usbstor > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/usbstor.txt

步骤 3：提取持久化和自启动条目

# 使用 python-registry 进行有针对性的提取
pip install python-registry

python3 << 'PYEOF'
from Registry import Registry

# 打开 SOFTWARE 配置单元
reg = Registry.Registry("/cases/case-2024-001/registry/SOFTWARE")

# 检查 Run 键（自启动）
autorun_paths = [
    "Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run",
    "Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce",
    "Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunServices",
    "Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Policies\\Explorer\\Run",
    "Wow6432Node\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run"
]

for path in autorun_paths:
    try:
        key = reg.open(path)
        print(f"\n=== {path} (Last Modified: {key.timestamp()}) ===")
        for value in key.values():
            print(f"  {value.name()}: {value.value()}")
    except Registry.RegistryKeyNotFoundException:
        pass

# 检查已安装的服务
key = reg.open("Microsoft\\Windows NT\\CurrentVersion\\Svchost")
print(f"\n=== Svchost Groups ===")
for value in key.values():
    print(f"  {value.name()}: {value.value()}")
PYEOF

# 检查 NTUSER.DAT 中的用户特定自启动
python3 << 'PYEOF'
from Registry import Registry

reg = Registry.Registry("/cases/case-2024-001/registry/NTUSER.DAT")

user_autorun = [
    "Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Run",
    "Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\RunOnce",
    "Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\StartupApproved\\Run"
]

for path in user_autorun:
    try:
        key = reg.open(path)
        print(f"\n=== {path} (Last Modified: {key.timestamp()}) ===")
        for value in key.values():
            print(f"  {value.name()}: {value.value()}")
    except Registry.RegistryKeyNotFoundException:
        pass
PYEOF

步骤 4：分析用户活动取证痕迹

# 提取 UserAssist 数据（使用 ROT13 编码的程序执行历史）
python3 << 'PYEOF'
from Registry import Registry
import codecs, struct, datetime

reg = Registry.Registry("/cases/case-2024-001/registry/NTUSER.DAT")

ua_path = "Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\UserAssist"
key = reg.open(ua_path)

for guid_key in key.subkeys():
    count_key = guid_key.subkey("Count")
    print(f"\n=== {guid_key.name()} ===")
    for value in count_key.values():
        decoded_name = codecs.decode(value.name(), 'rot_13')
        data = value.value()
        if len(data) >= 16:
            run_count = struct.unpack('<I', data[4:8])[0]
            focus_count = struct.unpack('<I', data[8:12])[0]
            timestamp = struct.unpack('<Q', data[60:68])[0] if len(data) >= 68 else 0
            if timestamp > 0:
                ts = datetime.datetime(1601,1,1) + datetime.timedelta(microseconds=timestamp//10)
                print(f"  {decoded_name}: Runs={run_count}, Focus={focus_count}, Last={ts}")
            else:
                print(f"  {decoded_name}: Runs={run_count}, Focus={focus_count}")
PYEOF

# 提取最近文档（MRU 列表）
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/NTUSER.DAT \
   -p recentdocs > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/recentdocs.txt

# 提取已输入的 URL（浏览器）
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/NTUSER.DAT \
   -p typedurls > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/typedurls.txt

# 提取资源管理器中的已输入路径
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/NTUSER.DAT \
   -p typedpaths > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/typedpaths.txt

步骤 5：提取系统和网络信息

# 从 SYSTEM 配置单元获取计算机名和操作系统版本
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SYSTEM \
   -p compname > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/system_info.txt

# 网络接口和配置
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SYSTEM \
   -p nic2 >> /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/system_info.txt

# 无线网络历史
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SOFTWARE \
   -p networklist > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/network_history.txt

# 时区配置
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SYSTEM \
   -p timezone > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/timezone.txt

# 关机时间
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SYSTEM \
   -p shutdown > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/shutdown.txt

# 从 Uninstall 键提取已安装软件
perl /opt/regripper/rip.pl -r /cases/case-2024-001/registry/SOFTWARE \
   -p uninstall > /cases/case-2024-001/analysis/installed_software.txt

核心概念

工具与系统

常见场景

场景 1：恶意软件持久化调查 提取 SOFTWARE 和 NTUSER.DAT 配置单元，检查所有 Run/RunOnce 键中的未授权条目，检查服务中的可疑添加，检查计划任务注册表键，将自启动时间戳与恶意软件执行时间线关联。

场景 2：用户活动重建 分析 UserAssist 获取程序执行历史，检查 RecentDocs 获取已访问文件，检查 TypedPaths 获取资源管理器导航记录，提取 ShellBag 获取文件夹访问模式，围绕事件窗口构建用户活动时间线。

场景 3：未授权软件检测 解析 Uninstall 键获取所有已安装应用程序，与批准的软件基线比较，检查 BAM/DAM 获取批准列表之外最近执行的程序，检查 AppCompatCache 获取即使在卸载后也有的执行证据。

场景 4：USB 数据外泄调查 从 SYSTEM 配置单元提取 USBSTOR 条目获取已连接设备，将设备序列号与 MountedDevices 关联，检查 NTUSER.DAT MountPoints2 获取用户访问可移动介质的记录，检查 SetupAPI 日志获取首次连接时间戳。

输出格式

Registry Analysis Summary:
  System: DESKTOP-ABC123 (Windows 10 Pro Build 19041)
  Timezone: Eastern Standard Time (UTC-5)
  Last Shutdown: 2024-01-18 23:45:12 UTC

  Autorun Entries:
    HKLM Run:     5 entries (1 suspicious: "updater.exe" -> C:\ProgramData\svc\updater.exe)
    HKCU Run:     3 entries (all legitimate)
    Services:     142 entries (2 unknown: "WinDefSvc", "SysMonAgent")

  User Activity (NTUSER.DAT):
    UserAssist Programs:  234 entries
    Recent Documents:     89 entries
    Typed URLs:           45 entries
    Typed Paths:          12 entries

  USB Devices Connected:
    - Kingston DataTraveler (Serial: 0019E06B4521) - First: 2024-01-10, Last: 2024-01-18
    - WD My Passport (Serial: 575834314131) - First: 2024-01-15, Last: 2024-01-15

  Installed Software:     127 applications
  Suspicious Findings:    3 items flagged for review