KunanonJ Refactoring Patterns Framework
A disciplined approach to improving the internal structure of existing code without changing its observable behavior. Every refactoring follows the same loop: verify tests pass, apply one small structural change, verify tests still pass.
Core Principle
Refactoring is not rewriting. It is a sequence of small, behavior-preserving transformations, each backed by tests. You never change what the code does — only how it is organized. Big-bang rewrites fail because they combine structural change with behavioral change, making it impossible to know which broke things.
The foundation: Bad code is a natural consequence of delivering under time pressure, not a character flaw. Code smells are objective signals of degraded structure; the smell catalog tells you where to look, and the refactoring catalog tells you what to do.
Scoring
Goal: 10/10. When reviewing or refactoring code, rate structural quality 0-10: a 10/10 means no obvious smells remain, each function does one thing, names reveal intent, duplication is eliminated, and tests cover the refactored paths. Always give the current score and the specific refactorings needed to reach 10/10.
The Refactoring Patterns Framework
Six areas of focus for systematically improving code structure:
1. Code Smells as Triggers
Core concept: Code smells are surface indicators of deeper structural problems — not bugs, but signals that the design makes code harder to understand, extend, or maintain. Each smell maps to named refactorings that fix it.
Why it works: Named smells give teams objective criteria instead of subjective "I don't like this" — "This is Feature Envy" points directly at the fix.
Key insights:
- Smells cluster into five families: Bloaters, Object-Orientation Abusers, Change Preventers, Dispensables, Couplers
- Long Method is the most common smell; Duplicate Code is the most expensive
- A method that needs a comment to explain what it does is a smell — extract and name the block instead
- Shotgun Surgery (one change, many classes) and Divergent Change (one class, many reasons to change) are opposite signals of misplaced responsibilities
- Primitive Obsession — raw strings/ints instead of small domain objects — spreads errors and duplication
Code applications:
| Context | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Method > 10 lines | Extract Method | Pull loop body into calculateLineTotal() |
| Switch on type code | Replace Conditional with Polymorphism | Subclass per order type |
| Same params in many methods | Introduce Parameter Object | startDate, endDate → DateRange |
| Copy-pasted logic | Extract Method + Pull Up Method | Share via common method or base class |
See: references/smell-catalog.md when you need the full smell-to-refactoring mapping.
2. Composing Methods
Core concept: Most refactoring starts here: break long methods into smaller, well-named pieces that read like prose — high-level steps delegating to clearly named helpers.
Why it works: Short methods with intention-revealing names eliminate comments, make bugs obvious at a glance, and enable reuse; a method call costs nothing to read when the name says everything.
Key insights:
- Extract Method is the single most important refactoring — master it first
- Urge to write a comment? Extract the block and use the comment as the method name
- Inline Method when the body is as clear as the name — indirection without value is noise
- Replace Temp with Query for computed values used in multiple places; Split Temporary Variable when one temp serves two purposes
- Replace Method with Method Object when locals are too tangled to extract — they become fields
Code applications:
| Context | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Block with a comment | Extract Method | // check eligibility → isEligible() |
| Temp used once | Inline Variable | Drop const price = order.getPrice() |
| Trivial delegating method | Inline Method | Inline return deliveries > 5 if used once |
| Method with many tangled locals | Replace Method with Method Object | Locals become fields in a new class |
See: references/composing-methods.md for mechanics and worked examples of each.
3. Moving Features Between Objects
Core concept: The key OO design decision is where responsibilities live. When Feature Envy, excessive coupling, or unbalanced class sizes show a method or field is in the wrong class, move it where it belongs.
Why it works: When a method lives with the data it uses, changes affect one class; misplaced methods create invisible dependencies that cause Shotgun Surgery.
Key insights:
- Move Method when a method uses more of another class's features than its own; Move Field likewise
- Extract Class when one class does two things — split along the axis of change; Inline Class when one does too little
- Hide Delegate enforces the Law of Demeter; Remove Middle Man undoes it when forwarding becomes the whole class
- Resolve that tension case by case: hide the delegate when the chain is unstable, remove the middle man when it's pure forwarding
Code applications:
| Context | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Method envies another class | Move Method | calculateShipping() from Order to ShippingPolicy |
| God class 500+ lines | Extract Class | Pull Address fields/methods into own class |
Client calls a.getB().getC() |
Hide Delegate | Add a.getCThroughB() |
| Class only forwards calls | Remove Middle Man | Let client call the delegate directly |
See: references/moving-features.md when deciding where a responsibility belongs.
4. Organizing Data
Core concept: Raw data — magic numbers, exposed fields, integer type codes — creates subtle bugs and scatters domain knowledge. Replace primitives with objects that encapsulate behavior and enforce invariants.
Why it works: An int amount has no rounding rules or currency code; a Money object encapsulates all of it, so business rules live in one place and the type system catches errors at compile time.
Key insights:
- Replace Magic Number with Symbolic Constant — the simplest data refactoring; it names intent
- Replace Data Value with Object cures Primitive Obsession (
EmailAddress,Money,Temperature) - Encapsulate Field and Encapsulate Collection — never expose raw fields or mutable internal lists
- Replace Type Code with Subclasses when the code affects behavior; with Strategy when subclassing is impractical
- Change Value to Reference when you need identity semantics (one shared
Customer, not copies)
Code applications:
| Context | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
if (status == 2) |
Replace Magic Number | if (status == ORDER_SHIPPED) |
String email passed everywhere |
Replace Data Value with Object | EmailAddress class with validation |
| Getter returns mutable list | Encapsulate Collection | Return Collections.unmodifiableList(items) |
int typeCode with switch |
Replace Type Code with Subclasses | Employee → Engineer, Manager |
See: references/organizing-data.md for the full data-refactoring catalog.
5. Simplifying Conditional Logic
Core concept: Deeply nested if/else trees, long switches, and scattered null checks are the hardest code to read and the most bug-prone. Named refactorings decompose, consolidate, and replace conditionals with clearer structures.
Why it works: A six-branch conditional forces readers to simulate every path mentally; well-named extracted branches are self-documenting, and polymorphism eliminates whole categories of "forgot this case" bugs.
Key insights:
- Decompose Conditional: extract condition, then-branch, and else-branch into named methods
- Consolidate Conditional Expression: merge conditions with the same result into one named check
- Replace Nested Conditional with Guard Clauses: handle edge cases early and return, keeping the main path unindented
- Replace Conditional with Polymorphism is the gold standard for type-based conditionals
- Introduce Special Case (Null Object) eliminates scattered
if (x == null)checks; Introduce Assertion makes assumptions fail fast
Code applications:
| Context | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
Long if with complex condition |
Decompose Conditional | Extract isSummer(date) and summerCharge() |
Deeply nested if/else |
Replace with Guard Clauses | Edge cases first, return early, flat main path |
| Switch on object type | Replace Conditional with Polymorphism | Each type implements its own calculatePay() |
if (customer == null) everywhere |
Introduce Special Case | NullCustomer with safe default behavior |
See: references/simplifying-conditionals.md for before/after examples.
6. Safe Refactoring Workflow
Core concept: Refactoring is only safe when wrapped in tests. The workflow is mechanical: run tests (green), apply one small transformation, run tests (green), commit. If tests go red, revert — don't debug a broken refactoring.
Why it works: Small steps make the failure obvious (it was the last thing you did) and reverting costs seconds; debugging a failed big-bang rewrite costs days.
Key insights:
- Rule of Three: tolerate duplication once, note it twice, refactor on the third occurrence
- Preparatory refactoring: restructure to make the feature easy before adding it; comprehension and litter-pickup refactoring keep code improving as you read and touch it
- When NOT to refactor: rewriting is easier, no tests and adding them isn't feasible, or the code will be deleted soon
- Refactor for clarity first, then profile and optimize the measured bottleneck — clear code is easier to tune
- Branch by Abstraction and Parallel Change enable large refactorings in production without long-lived branches
Code applications:
| Context | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| About to add a feature | Preparatory Refactoring | Clean the insertion point first |
| Third copy of same logic | Rule of Three | Extract shared logic now |
| Large API change in production | Branch by Abstraction | Add abstraction layer, migrate callers, remove old path |
| Renaming a widely-used method | Parallel Change | Add new, deprecate old, migrate, remove |
See: references/refactoring-workflow.md for the full cycle and when-to-refactor guidance.
Common Mistakes
| Mistake | Why It Fails | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| Refactoring without tests | No safety net to detect behavior change | Write characterization tests first |
| Big-bang rewrite | Mixes structural and behavioral change; undebuggable | Smallest possible steps, tests after each |
| Refactoring while adding features | Two hats at once — neither change verifiable | Refactor first (commit), then add feature (commit) |
| Renaming without updating callers | Broken build or dead code | Use IDE rename; search all references |
| Extracting too many tiny methods | Indirection without clarity when names are poor | Each name must remove the need to read the body |
| Ignoring the smell catalog | Reinvents fixes instead of applying proven recipes | Learn named smells; each maps to refactorings |
| Refactoring doomed code | Polish on condemned code is waste | Check the code's lifespan justifies the investment |
| Optimizing while refactoring | Conflates clarity with performance | Clarity first, then profile, then optimize hot path |
Quick Diagnostic
| Question | If No | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Do tests pass before you start? | No safety net | Write or fix tests first — never refactor red |
| Can you name the smell you're fixing? | Refactoring by instinct, not catalog | Identify the smell, apply its prescribed refactoring |
| Is each method under ~10 lines? | Long Methods likely | Extract Method into named steps |
| Does each class have one reason to change? | Divergent Change or Large Class | Extract Class to separate responsibilities |
| Are there duplicated code blocks? | The most expensive smell | Extract shared logic into common method/base class |
| Do conditionals use polymorphism where apt? | Switch Statements remain | Replace Conditional with Polymorphism |
| Are you committing after each step? | Risk losing work, mixing changes | Commit after every green-to-green transformation |
| Is the code easier to read after your change? | Refactoring added complexity | Revert and try a different approach |
Reference Files
- smell-catalog.md: All smell families (Bloaters, OO Abusers, Change Preventers, Dispensables, Couplers) with detection heuristics and fix mappings
- composing-methods.md: Extract/Inline Method, Extract/Inline Variable, Replace Temp with Query, Split Temporary Variable, Replace Method with Method Object
- moving-features.md: Move Method/Field, Extract/Inline Class, Hide Delegate, Remove Middle Man
- organizing-data.md: Replace Data Value with Object, Change Value to Reference, Replace Magic Number, Encapsulate Field/Collection, Replace Type Code variants
- simplifying-conditionals.md: Decompose/Consolidate Conditional, Guard Clauses, Replace Conditional with Polymorphism, Special Case, Assertions
- refactoring-workflow.md: The refactoring cycle, when (not) to refactor, performance, Branch by Abstraction, Parallel Change
Further Reading
The definitive guides to improving existing code:
- "Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code (2nd Edition)" by Martin Fowler
- "Working Effectively with Legacy Code" by Michael Feathers (companion for code without tests)
- "Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship" by Robert C. Martin (complementary naming and style principles)
About the Author
Martin Fowler is Chief Scientist at Thoughtworks, a signatory of the Agile Manifesto, and author of Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code (1999; 2nd edition 2018), which introduced catalog-based, named refactorings to mainstream development. His catalog underpins the automated refactoring tools in every major IDE.