Architecture As Code Python

Architecture-as-Code — Python Implementation

Prerequisite. Read architecture-as-code first. The schema (§1), components (§2), forbidden edges (§3), rule placement (§4), assembler concept (§5), and anti-patterns / audit (§6) are defined there and apply identically here. This file documents only what is Python-specific.

1. File format

• Filename: architecture.toml. Plain TOML — no Python code, no imports.
• TOML arrays-of-tables: [[components]], [[forbidden]].
• Pattern syntax: dotted module paths (mypkg.core.tier1). The package and all submodules match by default; set single = true to match only the exact module.
• Component patterns may overlap (e.g. mypkg.core and mypkg.core.tier1 both match files under mypkg/core/tier1/). That's fine — import-linter checks each contract independently; there's no first-match-wins.

# architecture.toml — example for a package with internal layering
[[components]]
name = "core-facade"
pattern = "mypkg.core.api"           # public sub-package = the facade

[[components]]
name = "core-tier1"
pattern = "mypkg.core.tier1"

[[components]]
name = "core-tier3"
pattern = "mypkg.core.tier3"

[[components]]
name = "core-other"
pattern = "mypkg.core"               # whole-package catch-all, last

[[forbidden]]
# Efferent — self-knowledge, lives in own file.
from = "core-*"
to = "*"
except_to = ["core-*"]
why = "Core purity: no imports outside the core package."

[[forbidden]]
# Internal layering.
from = "core-tier3"
to = "core-tier1"
why = "Tier 3 must go through tier 2."

Parametric "not equal" syntax for cross-domain isolation: !{from.captured.domain} (single braces).

[!NOTE] Facade pattern in Python. Python's idiomatic facade is a sub-package (e.g. mypkg.core.api) exposing public API via __init__.py and __all__. The "single file as facade" pattern from the JS skill maps awkwardly here; prefer a public sub-package plus forbidden edges that ban imports to the internal sub-packages.

2. Specialized contract types

The assembler emits forbidden contracts by default. For two common shapes import-linter offers more specific contract types that produce cleaner violations:

• Sibling-isolation across N components → one independence contract listing the N module patterns.
• Strict tier ordering (e.g. tier1 < tier2 < tier3, where higher tiers may import lower) → a layers contract. Optional — explicit [[forbidden]] edges between specific tiers also work.

3. Assembler

A small Python script invoked by pre-commit and CI. Discovers all architecture.toml files, merges them, generates a .importlinter config in INI form, and invokes lint-imports.

Why generate .importlinter rather than mutate pyproject.toml? The generated file is a build artifact (gitignored alongside .import_linter_cache/); the source of truth is the per-package architecture.tomls. import-linter natively reads .importlinter ahead of pyproject.toml.

# tools/arch_lint.py
import subprocess
import sys
import tomllib
from pathlib import Path

# Coverage gate (pattern Directive 7): the graph roots must cover every source
# package. Derive them; one hardcoded root silently excludes whatever top-level
# directory lands next.
SOURCE_PACKAGES = sorted(
    p.name
    for p in Path(".").iterdir()
    if p.is_dir() and (p / "__init__.py").exists() and not p.name.startswith(".")
)
GENERATED_CONFIG = Path(".importlinter")

# 1. Discover — recursive walk, skipping the configured ignore-list
#    (.venv, dist, build, .tox, __pycache__, .import_linter_cache).
arch_files = sorted(
    Path(".").rglob("architecture.toml"),
    key=lambda p: -len(p.parts),  # deeper-first
)

# 2. Concat
components, forbidden = [], []
for f in arch_files:
    data = tomllib.loads(f.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
    components.extend(data.get("components", []))
    forbidden.extend(data.get("forbidden", []))

# 3. Expand wildcards against the live registry.
names = [c["name"] for c in components]

def expand(spec, except_=None):
    if isinstance(spec, dict):
        return spec  # parametric — handled separately
    items = spec if isinstance(spec, list) else [spec]
    def resolve(lst):
        out = []
        for t in lst:
            if t == "*":
                out.extend(names)
            elif t.endswith("*"):
                p = t[:-1]
                out.extend(n for n in names if n.startswith(p))
            else:
                out.append(t)
        return out
    types = resolve(items)
    if except_:
        sub = set(resolve(except_))
        types = [t for t in types if t not in sub]
    return types

# 4. Emit import-linter contracts (INI format).
component_pattern = {c["name"]: c["pattern"] for c in components}
component_single  = {c["name"]: c.get("single", False) for c in components}

if not SOURCE_PACKAGES:
    sys.exit("No source packages discovered — the import graph would be empty.")
ini = ["[importlinter]", "root_packages ="]
ini.extend(f"    {p}" for p in SOURCE_PACKAGES)
ini.append("")
for i, edge in enumerate(forbidden):
    src = expand(edge["from"], edge.get("except"))
    dst = expand(edge["to"],   edge.get("except_to"))
    if not src or not dst:
        continue   # nothing to forbid after exceptions

    src_modules = [component_pattern[n] for n in src]
    dst_modules = [component_pattern[n] for n in dst]
    as_packages = not any(component_single[n] for n in src + dst)

    ini.append(f"[importlinter:contract:{i}]")
    ini.append(f"name = {edge['why'][:80]}")
    ini.append("type = forbidden")
    ini.append("source_modules =")
    ini.extend(f"    {m}" for m in src_modules)
    ini.append("forbidden_modules =")
    ini.extend(f"    {m}" for m in dst_modules)
    if not as_packages:
        ini.append("as_packages = False")
    ini.append("")

GENERATED_CONFIG.write_text("\n".join(ini), encoding="utf-8")

# 5. Invoke lint-imports
result = subprocess.run(
    ["lint-imports", "--config", str(GENERATED_CONFIG)],
    check=False,
)
sys.exit(result.returncode)

Install & run:

pip install import-linter      # pulls in grimp; tomli on Python <3.11
python tools/arch_lint.py      # discover + assemble + lint

Pre-commit hook:

# .pre-commit-config.yaml
repos:
  - repo: local
    hooks:
      - id: arch-lint
        name: "Architecture lint"
        entry: "python tools/arch_lint.py"
        language: system
        pass_filenames: false

language: system is required — lint-imports must run inside the project's virtualenv to import the analyzed packages.

Gitignore:

.importlinter            # generated by tools/arch_lint.py
.import_linter_cache/    # import-linter's own cache

4. Output Contract

When applying this implementation, emit:

Scope:          <repo / package / module path>
Decision:       Add architecture.toml | Update assembler | Update import-linter config | Blocked
Generated config:<path, if any>
Contracts changed:<forbidden / layers / independence contracts>
Verification:   <lint-imports command / assembler command / Not run + reason>
Next action:    <specific file edit, package install, cache clear, or unresolved question>

5. Python-specific gotchas

[!NOTE] Dynamic imports bypass enforcement. import-linter reads static import and from ... import statements via Grimp. Imports through importlib.import_module(...), __import__, or string-based dispatch don't appear in the graph. If a package uses dynamic imports for plugin loading, mark the entry-point as a single-module component (single = true) so its rules are explicit, and consider banning the dynamic style elsewhere.

[!IMPORTANT] The graph root is the coverage gate. import-linter builds its graph from root_package / root_packages. A new top-level package or directory outside that list is not in the graph, so no contract can fail on it and the run still reports success — the Python form of pattern Directive 7 ("the emitted rule's scope must equal the linted source set"). Derive root_packages from the tree at assembly time rather than hardcoding one root, and fail the assembler when the derived list is empty or a top-level source package is missing. import-linter has no native file-existence rule (Directive 8), so that comparison — packages on disk vs. packages in the generated config — is the check that catches an undeclared directory.

[!NOTE] import-linter * is single-segment. In forbidden_modules and similar fields, mypkg.* matches mypkg.foo but not mypkg.foo.bar. The pattern's prefix wildcards (core-*) operate on component names and are expanded by the assembler before contracts are emitted, so they don't hit this limit. But if you write raw module patterns yourself, mind the difference.

[!NOTE] Cache staleness during refactors. .import_linter_cache/ speeds up subsequent runs but can mislead during heavy refactors. Delete it if results don't match what your import statements actually say.

[!NOTE] Root package must be importable. import-linter imports the root package to walk it. Make sure pip install -e . (or equivalent) has been run in the active venv before invoking the assembler.

[!NOTE] Mixing pattern-level and component-level wildcards. A single rule that uses both mypkg.* (single-segment, import-linter native) and core-* (multi-match, assembler-expanded) will surprise you. Component- name wildcards are the assembler's domain; raw * in import-linter patterns is single-segment only. Don't mix in one rule.