Libreyolo Export Formats

LibreYOLO export formats (developer guide)

Export is two mirrored subsystems, and almost every export bug is a mismatch between them:

• Exporters (libreyolo/export/): BaseExporter ABC + one subclass per format (OnnxExporter, TorchScriptExporter, TensorRTExporter, OpenVINOExporter, NcnnExporter, TFLiteExporter, CoreMLExporter in exporter.py, with format-specific helpers in sibling modules). They serialize the graph and embed LibreYOLO metadata (family, size, task, imgsz, class names, pose keypoint shape, ...).
• Backends (libreyolo/backends/): BaseBackend + one subclass per runtime. LibreYOLO("best.onnx") routes here; the backend reads the embedded metadata, reproduces the family's preprocessing and postprocessing (letterbox, NMS or DETR top-k, task-specific decode) in numpy, and returns the same Results a .pt would.

The two REVIEW.md axioms that govern all of it: backends must behave like models (same API, same Results, original-canvas coordinates) and exported runtimes round-trip metadata (what the exporter writes, the backend must read; a model loaded from an export must not need the user to re-specify imgsz/task/classes).

The support tiers (do not overclaim)

Formats are not equally supported, and support is per (format, family, task), not per format. ONNX is the release-gated supported backend; the others are covered by e2e but have extended runtime coverage (supported_backend vs extended_backend markers in tests/e2e/). libreyolo formats prints the format list with capabilities; the e2e files (test_onnx.py, test_tensorrt.py, ...) are the truth for which families each format actually covers. Before telling anyone "family X exports to Y", find the (X, Y) case in those tests or run it yourself.

Per-format quirks (the ones that cost hours)

• ONNX: the Python API defaults dynamic=True; downstream consumers with static-shape compilers (TensorRT profiles aside, Hailo, some runtimes) need dynamic=False. simplify=True runs onnxsim. nms=True embeds NMS into the graph (changes the output contract; the backend knows, external consumers must be told). Raw detect output for external consumers is the [1, 84, 8400]-style head tensor; at least one external C++ project depends on that exact contract, and tests/e2e/'s sam3dbody contract test guards it: do not reshape it casually.
• TensorRT: version-pinned (tensorrt-cu12==... in pyproject, matching [[tool.uv.dependency-metadata]]); engines are GPU-arch-specific artifacts, never redistributable; fp16 is where accuracy drift first appears, compare against fp32 before blaming the model.
• TFLite: routes through onnx2tf (needs Python 3.12+ per the extra's constraint) and includes graph surgery for RF-DETR (GridSample rewrite); it is the most fragile chain, keep its extra versions synced with pyproject comments.
• OpenVINO / ncnn: install their extras to test; ncnn goes through pnnx.
• CoreML: macOS-only end to end; e2e coverage lives in test_coreml_roundtrip.py and skips elsewhere.
• Rectangular imgsz is only supported by the formats in _RECTANGULAR_EXPORT_FORMATS (see exporter.py); everywhere else, square-check errors are intentional.
• Some families need export-time wrappers or state snapshots (RT-DETR wrapper, RF-DETR export-state snapshot/restore in exporter.py); when an export mutates model behavior, that pattern is the sanctioned fix.

Debugging "the exported model is wrong"

Work the pipeline in order; the bug class differs by stage:

1. Export succeeded but predictions differ from .pt: run both on the same image and compare stage by stage. Preprocessing first (the backend reimplements letterbox in numpy; a 1px offset here looks like "slightly wrong boxes"), then raw tensor closeness (fp32 should be ~1e-5; fp16 looser), then postprocess (NMS thresholds, top-k count, class-map). The parity assertions in tests/e2e/test_deterministic_inference.py and the backend unit tests (tests/unit/test_backend_postprocess.py, test_backend_validation_adapter.py) show the expected tolerances.
2. Export itself fails: check the extra is installed (libreyolo checks reports export backends), then whether the op is task-specific (pose/seg heads export differently; the exporter embeds task metadata like keypoint shapes). Only then debug the converter stack, and pin versions before patching code.
3. Backend load fails on a file that exported fine: metadata round-trip bug. Inspect what was embedded (for ONNX, the model's metadata_props) and what BaseBackend._read_metadata_* expects; fix the pair, and add the missing key to both sides plus a unit test.

Extending coverage (family or task to an existing format)

1. Make the model's forward export-clean for the format (no data-dependent Python control flow on tensor values in the traced path).
2. Teach the exporter any task metadata the backend will need (the pose kpt_shape flow in exporter.py is the template).
3. Teach the backend the family's decode: NMS-using YOLO-grid vs NMS-free vs DETR top-k selection is centralized (_is_nms_free_family, _rfdetr_num_select in backends/base.py); route, don't fork.
4. Add the e2e case to that format's test file with the right markers (libreyolo-write-e2e-tests), and a val-parity check if the family has one (exported-backend val must agree with native val; there is adapter machinery for exactly this).

Adding a whole new format

Copy the twin structure: exporter subclass (declare format_name, deps via requires_*, write metadata), backend subclass (read metadata, reuse the shared pre/postprocess helpers in BaseBackend, never fork them), a lazy export in libreyolo/__init__.py, an optional-dependency extra in pyproject.toml (never a core dep), libreyolo formats row, an extended_backend-marked e2e file, and docs. A new format uses the extended marker until family coverage and parity tests say otherwise. Note the precedent that not everything becomes a format: when the toolchain cannot be a pip dependency (Hailo's proprietary compiler), ship a skill/doc for the two-stage flow instead of a format= target.

Related

• skills/use-libreyolo/: the user-facing export + exported-inference API.
• skills/libreyolo-export-hailo/: the no-format precedent, done right.
• skills/libreyolo-write-e2e-tests/: markers for export coverage.
• docs/testing.md: which backends gate releases vs run on the extended schedule.