Carbon Accounting Standards

Carbon Accounting & GHG Protocol

Overview

Measure, report, and verify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following GHG Protocol, ISO 14064, and IFRS sustainability standards. Covers scope 1, 2, 3 emissions calculation, carbon footprinting, offset quantification, and regulatory compliance.

When to Use

• "Calculate Scope 1/2/3 emissions inventory"
• "Prepare carbon footprint for ESG reporting"
• "Align emissions with Science-Based Targets"
• "Implement carbon accounting system"
• "Track and verify carbon offset projects"

GHG Protocol Scopes

• Scope 1: Direct emissions (fuel combustion, process emissions, fugitives)
• Scope 2: Indirect emissions (purchased electricity, steam, heat)
• Scope 3: Value chain emissions (15 categories)

Emissions Calculation

def calculate_scope_1(fuels, factors):
    """Calculate direct emissions from fuel combustion"""
    total = sum(amount * factors.get(f, 0) for f, amount in fuels.items())
    return round(total / 1000, 2)  # tons CO2e

EMISSION_FACTORS = {
    "natural_gas_kwh": 0.185,
    "diesel_litre": 2.68,
    "propane_litre": 1.53,
    "refrigerant_r134a": 1430
}

Verification Checklist

• All 3 scopes inventoried
• Emission factors verified and current
• Scope 3 covers all applicable categories
• Third-party verification arranged
• SBTi targets set
• Internal carbon price applied
• Offset inventory tracked
• Reporting aligned with GRI/SASB/TCFD