Universal Patterns

Universal Development Patterns

Overview

Language-agnostic development patterns and best practices applicable across all technology stacks.

Architecture Patterns

Layered Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│     Presentation Layer      │  UI, API handlers, CLI
├─────────────────────────────┤
│     Application Layer       │  Use cases, services
├─────────────────────────────┤
│       Domain Layer          │  Business logic, entities
├─────────────────────────────┤
│    Infrastructure Layer     │  DB, cache, external APIs
└─────────────────────────────┘

When to Use: Most applications benefit from clear separation of concerns.

Clean Architecture

         ┌─────────────────┐
         │   Frameworks    │  (outermost)
         │   & Drivers     │
     ┌───┴─────────────────┴───┐
     │    Interface Adapters    │
     │   (Controllers, Gateways)│
 ┌───┴─────────────────────────┴───┐
 │        Application Business      │
 │           Rules (Use Cases)      │
 ┌─────────────────────────────────┐
 │    Enterprise Business Rules     │  (innermost)
 │         (Entities)               │
 └─────────────────────────────────┘

Dependency Rule: Dependencies point inward. Inner layers don't know about outer layers.

Component-Based Architecture (Frontend)

src/
├── components/
│   ├── common/         # Shared UI components
│   ├── layout/         # Layout components
│   └── features/       # Feature-specific components
├── hooks/              # Custom hooks
├── stores/             # State management
├── services/           # API services
└── utils/              # Utilities

Code Organization Principles

Single Responsibility

Each module/function should do ONE thing well.

// BAD: Multiple responsibilities
function processUser(user) {
  validateUser(user);
  saveToDatabase(user);
  sendEmail(user);
  logAnalytics(user);
}

// GOOD: Single responsibility
function validateUser(user) { /* validation only */ }
function saveUser(user) { /* persistence only */ }
function notifyUser(user) { /* notification only */ }

Dependency Injection

Inject dependencies rather than creating them internally.

// BAD: Hard dependency
class UserService {
  constructor() {
    this.db = new Database(); // Hard-coded
  }
}

// GOOD: Injected dependency
class UserService {
  constructor(db) {
    this.db = db; // Injected
  }
}

Interface Segregation

Prefer many specific interfaces over one general interface.

// BAD: Fat interface
interface Worker {
  work();
  eat();
  sleep();
}

// GOOD: Segregated interfaces
interface Workable { work(); }
interface Eatable { eat(); }
interface Sleepable { sleep(); }

Error Handling Patterns

Fail Fast

Validate inputs early and fail immediately on invalid data.

function processOrder(order) {
  // Validate early
  if (!order) throw new Error('Order required');
  if (!order.items?.length) throw new Error('Order must have items');
  if (!order.customerId) throw new Error('Customer ID required');

  // Process only after validation passes
  return executeOrder(order);
}

Error Boundaries

Contain errors at appropriate boundaries.

// API boundary - catch and format errors
async function apiHandler(req, res) {
  try {
    const result = await processRequest(req);
    res.json({ success: true, data: result });
  } catch (error) {
    res.status(error.statusCode || 500).json({
      success: false,
      error: error.message
    });
  }
}

Result Types (Where Supported)

Use Result/Either types instead of exceptions for expected failures.

type Result<T, E> = { ok: true; value: T } | { ok: false; error: E };

function parseConfig(input: string): Result<Config, ParseError> {
  try {
    return { ok: true, value: JSON.parse(input) };
  } catch (e) {
    return { ok: false, error: new ParseError(e.message) };
  }
}

Data Flow Patterns

Unidirectional Data Flow

Data flows in one direction through the application.

Action → Dispatcher → Store → View → Action

Event-Driven Architecture

Decouple components through events.

// Publisher
eventBus.emit('user.created', { userId: '123' });

// Subscriber
eventBus.on('user.created', async (event) => {
  await sendWelcomeEmail(event.userId);
});

Command Query Separation (CQS)

Separate commands (mutations) from queries (reads).

// Query - returns data, no side effects
function getUser(id) { return db.users.find(id); }

// Command - mutates data, returns void/status
function updateUser(id, data) { db.users.update(id, data); }

Naming Conventions

Functions

Variables

Files

Code Quality Checklist

Before committing code, verify:

• Single responsibility - each function does one thing
• Clear naming - intent is obvious from names
• Error handling - failures are handled gracefully
• No magic numbers - constants are named and documented
• DRY - no unnecessary duplication (but don't over-abstract)
• Tests - critical paths are tested
• Documentation - complex logic is explained

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

God Objects

Objects that know too much or do too much. Split into focused components.

Premature Optimization

Don't optimize before measuring. Write clear code first, optimize proven bottlenecks.

Stringly Typed

Using strings where enums/types would be safer. Use type systems.

Copy-Paste Programming

Duplicating code instead of abstracting. But: prefer duplication over wrong abstraction.

Boolean Parameters

Functions with boolean flags that change behavior. Split into explicit functions.

// BAD
function process(data, isAdmin) { /* behaves differently based on flag */ }

// GOOD
function processUserData(data) { /* user logic */ }
function processAdminData(data) { /* admin logic */ }

Performance Principles

1. Measure First: Profile before optimizing
2. Lazy Loading: Load resources only when needed
3. Caching: Cache expensive computations and API calls
4. Pagination: Don't load everything at once
5. Batch Operations: Combine multiple operations when possible
6. Async/Parallel: Use concurrency for independent operations

Security Principles

1. Input Validation: Never trust user input
2. Output Encoding: Encode data for its context (HTML, SQL, etc.)
3. Least Privilege: Request minimum permissions needed
4. Defense in Depth: Multiple layers of security
5. Fail Secure: Default to denying access on errors
6. Secrets Management: Never hardcode secrets, use environment variables

Universal patterns applicable to all technology stacks