AI Sdk

Vercel AI SDK v6

Patterns for building AI-powered applications with the Vercel AI SDK v6.

• Building streaming chat UIs
• Structured JSON outputs with Zod schemas
• Multi-step agent workflows with tools
• Tool approval flows (human-in-the-loop)
• Next.js App Router integrations

Version Guard

Target AI SDK 6.x APIs. Default packages:

ai@^6
@ai-sdk/react@^2
@ai-sdk/openai@^2 (or @ai-sdk/anthropic, etc.)
zod@^3

Avoid v4/v5 holdovers:

• StreamingTextResponse → use result.toUIMessageStreamResponse()
• Legacy Message shape → use UIMessage
• Input-managed useChat → use transport-based pattern

Core Concepts

Message Types

Rule: Persist UIMessage[]. Convert to ModelMessage[] only when calling the model.

Streaming Patterns

Golden Path: Streaming Chat

API Route (App Router)

// app/api/chat/route.ts
import { openai } from '@ai-sdk/openai';
import { streamText, convertToModelMessages, type UIMessage } from 'ai';

export const maxDuration = 30;

export async function POST(req: Request) {
  const { messages }: { messages: UIMessage[] } = await req.json();

  const result = streamText({
    model: openai('gpt-4o-mini'),
    messages: convertToModelMessages(messages),
  });

  return result.toUIMessageStreamResponse({
    originalMessages: messages,
    getErrorMessage: (e) =>
      e instanceof Error ? e.message : 'An error occurred',
  });
}

Client Hook

'use client';
import { useState } from 'react';
import { useChat, type UIMessage } from '@ai-sdk/react';
import { DefaultChatTransport } from 'ai';

export function Chat({ initialMessages = [] }: { initialMessages?: UIMessage[] }) {
  const [input, setInput] = useState('');

  const { messages, sendMessage, status, error } = useChat({
    messages: initialMessages,
    transport: new DefaultChatTransport({ api: '/api/chat' }),
  });

  const submit = (e: React.FormEvent) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    if (input.trim()) {
      sendMessage({ role: 'user', content: [{ type: 'text', text: input }] });
      setInput('');
    }
  };

  return (
    <div>
      {messages.map((m) => (
        <div key={m.id}>
          <b>{m.role === 'user' ? 'You' : 'AI'}:</b>
          {m.parts.map((p, i) => (p.type === 'text' ? <span key={i}>{p.text}</span> : null))}
        </div>
      ))}
      {status === 'error' && <div className="text-red-600">{error?.message}</div>}
      <form
        <input value={input} => setInput(e.target.value)} />
        <button type="submit">Send</button>
      </form>
    </div>
  );
}

Structured Outputs

import { generateObject, streamObject } from 'ai';
import { openai } from '@ai-sdk/openai';
import { z } from 'zod';

const schema = z.object({
  recipe: z.object({
    name: z.string(),
    ingredients: z.array(z.string()),
    steps: z.array(z.string()),
  }),
});

// One-shot JSON
const { object } = await generateObject({
  model: openai('gpt-4o'),
  schema,
  prompt: 'Generate a lasagna recipe.',
});

// Streaming JSON (partial updates)
const { partialObjectStream } = streamObject({
  model: openai('gpt-4o'),
  schema,
  prompt: 'Generate a lasagna recipe.',
});

for await (const partial of partialObjectStream) {
  // Render progressively
}

Tools

Server-Side Tool Definition

import { tool } from 'ai';
import { z } from 'zod';

const searchTool = tool({
  description: 'Search product catalog',
  inputSchema: z.object({ query: z.string() }),
  execute: async ({ query }) => {
    // Implementation
    return [{ id: 'p1', name: 'Example Product' }];
  },
});

Multi-Step Tool Loops

import { streamText, stepCountIs } from 'ai';

const result = streamText({
  model: openai('gpt-4o'),
  messages: convertToModelMessages(messages),
  tools: { search: searchTool },
  stopWhen: stepCountIs(6), // Max 6 iterations
  prepareStep: async ({ stepNumber, messages }) =>
    messages.length > 10 ? { messages: messages.slice(-10) } : {},
});

return result.toUIMessageStreamResponse();

v6: ToolLoopAgent

First-class agent abstraction for autonomous multi-step workflows.

Basic Agent

import { ToolLoopAgent, stepCountIs } from 'ai';

const agent = new ToolLoopAgent({
  model: 'anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5',
  instructions: 'You are a helpful research assistant.',
  tools: {
    search: searchTool,
    calculator: calculatorTool,
  },
  stopWhen: stepCountIs(5),
});

// Non-streaming
const result = await agent.generate({
  prompt: 'What is the weather in NYC?',
});
console.log(result.text);
console.log(result.steps); // All steps taken

// Streaming
const stream = agent.stream({ prompt: 'Research quantum computing.' });
for await (const chunk of stream.textStream) {
  process.stdout.write(chunk);
}

Agent with UI Streaming

import { ToolLoopAgent, createAgentUIStream } from 'ai';

const agent = new ToolLoopAgent({ model, instructions, tools });

const stream = await createAgentUIStream({
  agent,
  messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'What is the weather?' }],
});

for await (const chunk of stream) {
  // UI message chunks
}

v6: Tool Approval (Human-in-the-Loop)

Static Approval (Always Require)

const dangerousTool = tool({
  description: 'Delete user data',
  inputSchema: z.object({ userId: z.string() }),
  needsApproval: true, // Always require approval
  execute: async ({ userId }) => {
    return await deleteUserData(userId);
  },
});

Dynamic Approval (Conditional)

const paymentTool = tool({
  description: 'Process payment',
  inputSchema: z.object({
    amount: z.number(),
    recipient: z.string(),
  }),
  needsApproval: async ({ amount }) => amount > 1000, // Only large transactions
  execute: async ({ amount, recipient }) => {
    return await processPayment(amount, recipient);
  },
});

Client-Side Approval UI

function ToolApprovalView({ invocation, addToolApprovalResponse }) {
  if (invocation.state === 'approval-requested') {
    return (
      <div>
        <p>Approve action: {invocation.input.description}?</p>
        <button
          =>
            addToolApprovalResponse({ id: invocation.approval.id, approved: true })
          }
        >
          Approve
        </button>
        <button
          =>
            addToolApprovalResponse({ id: invocation.approval.id, approved: false })
          }
        >
          Deny
        </button>
      </div>
    );
  }

  if (invocation.state === 'output-available') {
    return <div>Result: {JSON.stringify(invocation.output)}</div>;
  }

  return null;
}

Persistence

return result.toUIMessageStreamResponse({
  originalMessages: messages,
  generateMessageId: createIdGenerator({ prefix: 'msg', size: 16 }),
  onFinish: async ({ messages: complete }) => {
    await saveChat({ chatId, messages: complete }); // Persist UIMessage[]
  },
});

Error Handling

// Server: Surface errors to client
return result.toUIMessageStreamResponse({
  getErrorMessage: (e) =>
    e instanceof Error ? e.message : typeof e === 'string' ? e : JSON.stringify(e),
});

// Client: Handle error state
const { status, error } = useChat({ ... });
if (status === 'error') {
  return <div>Error: {error?.message}</div>;
}

Anti-Patterns

• agents.md - ToolLoopAgent patterns and workflows
• tool-approval.md - Human-in-the-loop approval flows
• persistence.md - Chat persistence strategies