Analysis Diagnose

Quick Start

Bug encountered → Document symptom → Gather evidence → Form single hypothesis → Test with minimal reproduction → Identify root cause → Implement fix

Navigation

Semantic Anchors

Single Hypothesis Protocol

Test one theory at a time for clear verification. Multiple simultaneous hypotheses create uncertainty about which fix worked.

Process:

1. Form hypothesis based on evidence (not assumptions)
2. Create minimal reproduction test
3. Confirm or reject
4. Only then move to next hypothesis

Example:

Hypothesis: "Request size exceeds limit"
Test: Send request with 151 items, expect 500 error
Result: Confirmed
Next: Implement maxItems validation

5 Whys Technique

Iterative questioning to reach actionable root cause. Each "why" drills deeper from symptom to cause.

Process:

Problem: [Observable symptom]

Why 1: [First-level cause]
→ Because [explanation]

Why 2: [Second-level cause]
→ Because [explanation]

Why 3: [Third-level cause]
→ Because [explanation]

Why 4: [Fourth-level cause]
→ Because [explanation]

Why 5: [Root cause]
→ Because [explanation]

Root Cause: [The fundamental issue]
Action: [What to fix to prevent recurrence]

Guidelines:

• Be specific — each answer factual and verifiable
• Avoid blame — focus on systems and processes
• Check logic — ensure each answer explains the previous level
• Stop at actionable — when you reach something you can fix

Pattern Recognition

Distinguish isolated bugs from architectural problems.

Isolated Issue:

• Single component affected
• Reproducible with specific input
• No cascade effects
• Local fix sufficient

Systemic Problem:

• Multiple components affected
• Architecture-level issue
• State management problem
• Integration failure

Decision rule: 3+ similar failures = systemic problem requiring architectural review, not localized patches.

Evidence-Based Investigation

Every claim requires verification:

• File reads for code analysis
• Diagnostic output for system state
• Git history for recent changes
• No assumptions about what's "obvious"

Diagnostic Flow

Phase 1: State the Problem

Document symptom before investigating:

• Exact error messages
• Stack traces
• Reproduction steps
• Frequency (Always/Sometimes/Once)

Phase 2: Gather Evidence

Collect proof, don't assume:

• Logs: Error output, console logs
• Recent changes: git log --oneline -10
• Environment: OS, versions, dependencies
• Diagnostics: Test output, build status

Temporal analysis: When did this first occur? What changed between working and broken?

Backward tracing: Start from error, trace call stack to failure point, find root cause upstream.

Phase 3: Form Hypothesis

Single hypothesis based on evidence.

Good hypothesis:

• Based on evidence from Phase 2
• Falsifiable (can be proven wrong)
• Specific (predicts exact behavior)
• Actionable (suggests concrete fix)

Bad hypothesis:

• Multiple competing theories
• Based on assumptions, not evidence
• Too vague to test

Phase 4: Test & Conclude

Minimal reproduction test before full fix.

Process:

1. Create smallest test that confirms hypothesis
2. Verify expected vs actual result
3. If confirmed: implement fix
4. If rejected: return to Phase 3 with new hypothesis
5. After fix: verify no regressions

Investigation Format

<investigation>
  <symptom>
    <description>[Observable problem]</description>
    <error_messages>[Complete error text]</error_messages>
    <reproduction_steps>[Exact steps]</reproduction_steps>
    <frequency>[Always/Sometimes/Once]</frequency>
  </symptom>

  <evidence>
    <logs>[Relevant log output]</logs>
    <recent_changes>[Git diff, commits]</recent_changes>
    <environment_data>[OS, versions]</environment_data>
    <diagnostic_output>[Diagnostic commands]</diagnostic_output>
  </evidence>

  <hypothesis>
    <root_cause>[Likely root cause]</root_cause>
    <reasoning>[Why this causes symptom]</reasoning>
    <confidence>[High/Medium/Low]</confidence>
  </hypothesis>

  <test>
    <minimal_reproduction>[Smallest test]</minimal_reproduction>
    <expected_result>[What should happen]</expected_result>
    <actual_result>[What actually happened]</actual_result>
    <conclusion>[Confirmed/Rejected]</conclusion>
  </test>
</investigation>

Troubleshooting

Pressure Resistance

Systematic investigation prevents shortcuts that create technical debt.

Time pressure responses:

• "Need to deploy soon" → Root cause prevents future issues
• "User waiting for fix" → Rushed fixes create more problems

Sunk cost responses:

• "Already spent 2 hours" → Wrong approach wastes more time
• "Almost there" → Return to root cause with fresh perspective

Obvious fix responses:

• "It's obviously just X" → Obvious ≠ Correct, verify with evidence

Protocol: Acknowledge pressure → Return to systematic approach → Brief justification → Continue investigation

Best Practices

DO:

• Gather concrete evidence before forming conclusions
• Test one hypothesis at a time
• Use 5 Whys to reach root cause
• Document root cause for future reference
• Verify with minimal reproduction before full fix

DON'T:

• Apply fixes without root cause investigation
• Test multiple hypotheses simultaneously
• Assume obvious = correct
• Ignore patterns (3+ failures = systemic)
• Fall for sunk cost rationalization

Validation Checklist

Before claiming diagnosis complete:

Problem Statement:

• Symptom documented with exact error messages
• Reproduction steps verified
• Frequency and conditions identified

Evidence Gathering:

• Logs and error output collected
• Recent changes reviewed (git history)
• Environment data documented

Hypothesis Formation:

• Single hypothesis based on evidence
• Hypothesis is falsifiable
• Confidence level assigned

Test & Conclude:

• Minimal reproduction test created
• Hypothesis confirmed or rejected
• Root cause identified with file:line evidence
• Fix strategy documented

Pattern Recognition:

• Isolated vs systemic determined
• 3+ failures = architectural flag raised

Genetic Code

This component must work in a project with ZERO external rules access (no CLAUDE.md, CLAUDE.local.md, or .claude/rules/ dependencies). All necessary philosophy is embedded within this skill.

Evidence Requirements

Complete evidence gathering before proposing fixes. Document symptoms, evidence, hypothesis before implementing. Test hypothesis with minimal reproduction before full fix.

Single Hypothesis Protocol

Form single hypothesis based on evidence. Test with minimal reproduction. Confirm or reject before next hypothesis.

Architecture Pattern Recognition

Three or more similar failures indicate architectural problems requiring broader solutions than localized patches.

Delta Standard: Good Component = Expert Knowledge − What Claude Already Knows