1---2name: anesthesia-protocols3description: Species-specific anesthesia protocols including premedication, induction, maintenance, and monitoring. Accounts for brachycephalic risk, sighthound sensitivity, ASA classification, and common anesthetic emergencies.4---5
6# Anesthesia Protocols
7
8## Overview
9
10Species-specific anesthesia protocols including premedication, induction, maintenance, and monitoring. This skill covers the practical protocol selection — for safety monitoring, emergency management, and breed-specific risk assessment, see the companion skill `anesthesia-safety`.
11
12## When to Use
13
14- User needs an anesthesia protocol for a specific species and procedure
15- User asks about drug selection for premedication, induction, or maintenance
16- User asks about species-specific anesthetic considerations
17- Keywords: anesthesia, sedation, premedication, induction, intubation, isoflurane, sevoflurane, propofol, alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, ASA, monitoring
18
19## Standard Canine Protocol
20
21| Phase | Drug Options | Dose Range | Notes |
22| --- | --- | --- | --- |
23| Premedication | Dexmedetomidine + Hydromorphone | 5-20 mcg/kg IM + 0.1 mg/kg IM | Adjust for ASA status; reduce for debilitated patients |
24| Premedication (alt) | Acepromazine + Butorphanol | 0.01-0.05 mg/kg IM + 0.2-0.4 mg/kg IM | Avoid ace in Boxers, MDR1 breeds |
25| Induction | Propofol | 2-6 mg/kg IV to effect | Titrate slowly; apnea risk at higher doses |
26| Induction (alt) | Alfaxalone | 1-3 mg/kg IV to effect | Good for cardiovascular compromise |
27| Maintenance | Isoflurane or Sevoflurane | MAC: iso 1.3%, sevo 2.3% | Sevoflurane: faster induction/recovery, more expensive |
28| Analgesia | Fentanyl CRI | 2-5 mcg/kg/hr IV | Reduces MAC by 30-50%; manage bradycardia |
29
30## Standard Feline Protocol
31
32| Phase | Drug Options | Dose Range | Notes |
33| --- | --- | --- | --- |
34| Premedication | Dexmedetomidine + Buprenorphine | 10-40 mcg/kg IM + 0.02 mg/kg IM | Can combine in same syringe (IM kitty magic) |
35| Premedication (alt) | Alfaxalone + Butorphanol | 2 mg/kg IM + 0.3 mg/kg IM | Good for fractious cats |
36| Induction | Propofol | 2-6 mg/kg IV to effect | Cats: Heinz body anemia with repeat dosing (avoid CRI) |
37| Induction (alt) | Alfaxalone | 1-3 mg/kg IV to effect | Preferred for cats needing repeated anesthesia |
38| Maintenance | Isoflurane or Sevoflurane | MAC: iso 1.6%, sevo 2.6% | Higher MAC than dogs |
39
40## Equine Protocol (Standing Sedation)
41
42| Drug | Dose | Route | Duration |
43| --- | --- | --- | --- |
44| Xylazine | 0.5-1.1 mg/kg | IV | 20-30 min |
45| Detomidine | 10-40 mcg/kg | IV | 30-90 min |
46| Butorphanol | 0.01-0.04 mg/kg | IV | Combine with alpha-2 for neuroleptanalgesia |
47
48## Equine Protocol (General Anesthesia)
49
50| Phase | Drug | Dose | Notes |
51| --- | --- | --- | --- |
52| Premedication | Xylazine or Detomidine | As above | Wait for full sedation before induction |
53| Induction | Ketamine + Diazepam | 2.2 mg/kg + 0.05 mg/kg IV | Administer rapidly as bolus |
54| Maintenance | Isoflurane (Triple Drip alternative) | MAC 1.3% (or ketamine/xylazine/GGE CRI) | Equine anesthesia carries ~1% mortality risk (10x higher than small animal) |
55| Recovery | Quiet, padded recovery stall | Assisted vs. unassisted | Most critical phase; myopathy and fracture risk |
56
57## Breed-Specific Safety Alerts
58
59- **Boxers:** Acepromazine sensitivity — risk of profound, prolonged hypotension. Use alternative sedation (dexmedetomidine, butorphanol).
60- **Sighthounds (Greyhounds, Whippets, etc.):** Prolonged recovery from thiopental and propofol due to low body fat. Dose-reduce propofol. Alfaxalone may be preferred.
61- **MDR1-Mutant Breeds (Collies, Aussies, Shelties, etc.):** Exercise caution with acepromazine, butorphanol, and other P-glycoprotein substrates. Dose-reduce by 25-50% or substitute. Test MDR1 status when possible.
62- **Brachycephalics (Bulldogs, Pugs, Persians):** High risk for upper-airway obstruction. Pre-oxygenate, have multiple endotracheal tube sizes ready, avoid heavy sedation, and delay extubation until strong swallow reflex.
63- **Giant breeds (Great Dane, Mastiff, Irish Wolfhound):** Higher sensitivity to alpha-2 agonists. Increased bloat/GDV risk perioperatively. Position carefully to prevent myopathy/neuropathy.
64- **Pediatric (<12 weeks):** Immature hepatic metabolism, limited glycogen reserves (hypoglycemia risk), higher body surface area (hypothermia risk). Reduce drug doses, minimize fasting, maintain body temperature aggressively.
65- **Geriatric:** Reduced hepatic/renal clearance, cardiac reserve. Pre-anesthetic bloodwork mandatory. Reduce doses 25-50%.
66
67## Key Species Differences
68
69| Parameter | Dog | Cat | Horse |
70| --- | --- | --- | --- |
71| Mortality risk | ~0.1% | ~0.2% | ~1% |
72| Propofol CRI | Acceptable | Avoid (Heinz bodies) | Not used |
73| Alpha-2 reversal | Atipamezole | Atipamezole | Atipamezole (caution) |
74| Intubation | Straightforward | Laryngospasm common; use lidocaine spray | Blind nasal or oral |
75| Common emergency | Hypotension | Hypothermia, bradycardia | Myopathy, recovery fractures |
76
77## Workflow
78
791. **Confirm species, breed, age, weight, and ASA status** (MANDATORY).
802. **Review pre-anesthetic bloodwork** (CBC, chemistry, coagulation if indicated).
813. **Select premedication** based on species, temperament, and procedure. Account for breed-specific contraindications.
824. **Select induction agent** and calculate dose. Titrate to effect.
835. **Intubate and maintain** on inhalant or injectable protocol. Monitor continuously (SpO2, ETCO2, ECG, BP, temperature).
846. **Manage analgesia** throughout: multimodal approach (opioid + NSAID + local block where possible).
857. **Recovery monitoring** until patient is extubated, normothermic, and ambulatory.
86
87## Limitations
88
89- Anesthetic protocols must be individualized based on patient assessment; no single protocol suits all cases.
90- Drug availability varies by country and institution. Not all agents are licensed in all jurisdictions.
91- Equine anesthesia carries inherently higher risk than small animal; specialist involvement is recommended for complex cases.
92- Dosing information is for reference only; always verify against current formulary (Plumb's) and patient-specific factors.
93- This skill covers protocol selection. For safety monitoring, emergency management, and breed risk details, see `anesthesia-safety`.
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