Architecture Patterns

Core Architecture Patterns

Layered Architecture Pattern

Three-Tier Structure Implementation

Apply layered architecture with strict separation of concerns:

1. Presentation Layer: User interface components
2. Business Logic Layer: Domain rules and operations
3. Data Access Layer: Database and external service interactions

Enforce unidirectional dependencies:

• Presentation Layer → Business Logic Layer
• Business Logic Layer → Data Access Layer
• Never allow reverse dependencies

Domain Boundaries Enforcement

Separate domain logic from infrastructure:

• Keep business rules independent of frameworks
• Use dependency injection for infrastructure concerns
• Apply Domain-Driven Design principles
• Define clear bounded contexts for complex domains

Interface segregation requirements:

• Create specific interfaces for different client needs
• Avoid fat interfaces with multiple responsibilities
• Use repository pattern for data access abstraction
• Implement service interfaces for business operations

Microservices Pattern Guidelines

Service Decomposition Rules

Apply single responsibility principle at service level:

• Each service owns one business capability
• Design services around business domains
• Ensure loose coupling between services
• Implement high cohesion within services

Communication patterns enforcement:

• Prefer synchronous communication for critical operations
• Use asynchronous messaging for event-driven workflows
• Implement circuit breakers for resilience
• Apply API gateway pattern for external access

Data Consistency Patterns

Implement eventual consistency where appropriate:

• Use saga pattern for distributed transactions
• Apply event sourcing for audit trails
• Implement CQRS for read/write separation
• Ensure data ownership boundaries are clear

Event-Driven Architecture Implementation

Event Design Principles

Design immutable, atomic events:

• Each event represents a single business fact
• Use past tense for event names (UserRegistered, OrderPlaced)
• Include all required data in the event payload
• Apply idempotency handling for duplicate events

Event handling patterns:

• Implement event handlers as pure functions
• Use correlation IDs for request tracing
• Apply dead letter queues for failed events
• Monitor and log event processing metrics

Message Broker Integration

Configure reliable messaging infrastructure:

• Set up topic/exchange hierarchies
• Implement message versioning strategies
• Configure appropriate quality of service levels
• Apply backpressure handling for overload protection

Enterprise Integration Patterns

API Design Standards

RESTful API Implementation

Follow REST architectural constraints:

• Use appropriate HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE)
• Implement proper status codes for all responses
• Apply resource-based URL naming conventions
• Use content negotiation for format handling

API documentation requirements:

• Generate OpenAPI/Swagger specifications
• Include comprehensive request/response examples
• Document error codes and handling procedures
• Provide authentication and authorization details

GraphQL Integration Patterns

Schema-first development approach:

• Define clear type system with strong typing
• Implement proper resolver chains
• Apply authorization at field level
• Use data loaders to prevent N+1 queries

Performance optimization techniques:

• Implement query complexity analysis
• Apply query depth limiting
• Use persisted queries for frequently used operations
• Monitor and log query performance metrics

Security Architecture Patterns

Zero Trust Security Model

Implement defense-in-depth security:

• Apply least privilege access control
• Use mTLS for service-to-service communication
• Implement JWT/OIDC for authentication
• Apply API throttling and rate limiting

Security monitoring and auditing:

• Log all security-relevant events
• Implement intrusion detection systems
• Apply security information and event management (SIEM)
• Conduct regular security assessments

Secure API Gateway Configuration

Apply API gateway security patterns:

• Implement request/response transformation
• Apply JSON Web Token validation
• Use web application firewall (WAF) rules
• Implement distributed tracing for security monitoring

Architecture Quality Attributes

Scalability Patterns

Horizontal Scaling Implementation

Design for stateless services:

• Externalize session state using distributed caches
• Use database connection pooling efficiently
• Implement auto-scaling policies based on metrics
• Apply blue-green deployment strategies

Performance optimization techniques:

• Implement caching at multiple levels (CDN, application, database)
• Use read replicas for database scaling
• Apply asynchronous processing for non-critical operations
• Implement sharding strategies for large datasets

Resilience and Fault Tolerance

Implement self-healing mechanisms:

• Use health checks for service monitoring
• Apply exponential backoff for retry logic
• Implement circuit breakers to prevent cascading failures
• Use chaos engineering for resilience testing

Disaster recovery planning:

• Implement multi-region deployment strategies
• Use backup and restore procedures
• Apply data replication across geographic locations
• Document and test recovery procedures

Maintainability and Evolution

Technical Debt Management

Apply architectural fitness functions:

• Define measurable quality metrics
• Implement automated architecture compliance checks
• Use architectural decision records (ADRs)
• Regularly review and refactor architectural decisions

Evolutionary architecture principles:

• Design for change with loose coupling
• Use abstraction layers to isolate volatility
• Implement feature flags for safe deployments
• Apply strangler fig pattern for legacy system migration

Documentation and Communication

Maintain architectural documentation:

• Create context diagrams for system overviews
• Document data flows and integration points
• Maintain architectural decision records
• Provide deployment and runbooks

Cross-functional collaboration:

• Conduct regular architecture reviews
• Use pair programming for critical components
• Implement knowledge sharing practices
• Provide training on architectural standards