Bio Fragment Analysis

Fragment Analysis

Analyze cfDNA fragmentomics for cancer detection and characterization.

Tool Selection

Note: DELFI is a commercial company, NOT software. Use FinaleToolkit (MIT license) which replicates DELFI patterns and is 50x faster.

Fragment Size Metrics

import pysam
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd


def calculate_fragment_metrics(bam_path):
    '''
    Calculate cfDNA fragment metrics.

    Key ratios for cancer detection:
    - Short (100-150 bp) vs Long (151-220 bp)
    - ctDNA tends to be shorter than normal cfDNA
    '''
    bam = pysam.AlignmentFile(bam_path, 'rb')
    sizes = []

    for read in bam.fetch():
        if read.is_proper_pair and not read.is_secondary and read.template_length > 0:
            sizes.append(read.template_length)

    bam.close()
    sizes = np.array(sizes)

    # DELFI-style ratios
    short = np.sum((sizes >= 100) & (sizes <= 150))
    long = np.sum((sizes >= 151) & (sizes <= 220))

    metrics = {
        'total_fragments': len(sizes),
        'median_size': np.median(sizes),
        'mean_size': np.mean(sizes),
        'short_fragments': short,
        'long_fragments': long,
        'short_long_ratio': short / long if long > 0 else np.nan,
        # Mononucleosome peak
        'mono_peak_fraction': np.sum((sizes >= 150) & (sizes <= 180)) / len(sizes)
    }

    return metrics

FinaleToolkit Analysis

import finaletoolkit as ft
import pandas as pd


def run_finaletoolkit(bam_path, output_prefix):
    '''
    Run FinaleToolkit for DELFI-style fragmentomics.
    FinaleToolkit 0.7.1+ required.
    '''
    # Extract fragment sizes
    fragments = ft.read_fragments(bam_path)

    # Calculate genome-wide fragmentation profile
    # 5Mb bins as in DELFI
    profile = ft.calculate_fragmentation_profile(
        fragments,
        bin_size=5_000_000,
        short_range=(100, 150),
        long_range=(151, 220)
    )

    profile.to_csv(f'{output_prefix}_frag_profile.csv')

    # Calculate coverage-corrected ratios
    ratios = ft.calculate_short_long_ratios(
        fragments,
        bin_size=5_000_000,
        gc_correct=True
    )

    return profile, ratios

Griffin Nucleosome Profiling

import subprocess


def run_griffin(bam_path, sites_bed, output_dir):
    '''
    Run Griffin for nucleosome positioning analysis.
    Griffin 0.2.0+ required.
    '''
    # Griffin analyzes nucleosome accessibility around regulatory sites
    subprocess.run([
        'griffin',
        '--bam', bam_path,
        '--sites', sites_bed,  # TSS, CTCF, etc.
        '--output', output_dir,
        '--window', '2000',  # bp around site
        '--fragment_length', '120-180'
    ], check=True)

Genome-Wide Fragmentation Profile

import pysam
import numpy as np


def calculate_binned_profile(bam_path, bin_size=5_000_000, chromosomes=None):
    '''
    Calculate fragment profiles in genomic bins.
    Similar to DELFI approach.
    '''
    if chromosomes is None:
        chromosomes = [f'chr{i}' for i in range(1, 23)]

    bam = pysam.AlignmentFile(bam_path, 'rb')

    profiles = {}

    for chrom in chromosomes:
        try:
            chrom_len = bam.get_reference_length(chrom)
        except Exception:
            continue

        n_bins = (chrom_len // bin_size) + 1
        short_counts = np.zeros(n_bins)
        long_counts = np.zeros(n_bins)

        for read in bam.fetch(chrom):
            if not read.is_proper_pair or read.is_secondary:
                continue
            if read.template_length <= 0:
                continue

            bin_idx = read.reference_start // bin_size
            if bin_idx >= n_bins:
                continue

            size = read.template_length
            if 100 <= size <= 150:
                short_counts[bin_idx] += 1
            elif 151 <= size <= 220:
                long_counts[bin_idx] += 1

        # Calculate ratio per bin
        with np.errstate(divide='ignore', invalid='ignore'):
            ratios = short_counts / long_counts
            ratios[~np.isfinite(ratios)] = np.nan

        profiles[chrom] = {
            'short': short_counts,
            'long': long_counts,
            'ratio': ratios
        }

    bam.close()
    return profiles

Interpretation

Related Skills

• cfdna-preprocessing - Preprocess before fragment analysis
• tumor-fraction-estimation - Complement with CNV-based estimation
• methylation-based-detection - Alternative detection approach