Caching Strategies

Backend Caching Strategies

Optimize performance with Redis caching patterns and smart invalidation.

Pattern Selection

Cache-Aside (Lazy Loading)

import redis.asyncio as redis
from typing import TypeVar, Callable
import json

T = TypeVar("T")

class CacheAside:
    def __init__(self, redis_client: redis.Redis, default_ttl: int = 3600):
        self.redis = redis_client
        self.ttl = default_ttl

    async def get_or_set(
        self,
        key: str,
        fetch_fn: Callable[[], T],
        ttl: int | None = None,
        serialize: Callable[[T], str] = json.dumps,
        deserialize: Callable[[str], T] = json.loads,
    ) -> T:
        """Get from cache, or fetch and cache."""
        # Try cache first
        cached = await self.redis.get(key)
        if cached:
            return deserialize(cached)

        # Cache miss - fetch from source
        value = await fetch_fn()

        # Store in cache
        await self.redis.setex(
            key,
            ttl or self.ttl,
            serialize(value),
        )
        return value

# Usage
cache = CacheAside(redis_client)

async def get_analysis(analysis_id: str) -> Analysis:
    return await cache.get_or_set(
        key=f"analysis:{analysis_id}",
        fetch_fn=lambda: repo.get_by_id(analysis_id),
        ttl=1800,  # 30 minutes
    )

Write-Through Cache

class WriteThroughCache:
    def __init__(self, redis_client: redis.Redis, ttl: int = 3600):
        self.redis = redis_client
        self.ttl = ttl

    async def write(
        self,
        key: str,
        value: T,
        db_write_fn: Callable[[T], Awaitable[T]],
    ) -> T:
        """Write to both cache and database synchronously."""
        # Write to database first (consistency)
        result = await db_write_fn(value)

        # Then update cache
        await self.redis.setex(key, self.ttl, json.dumps(result))

        return result

    async def read(self, key: str) -> T | None:
        """Read from cache only."""
        cached = await self.redis.get(key)
        return json.loads(cached) if cached else None

# Usage
cache = WriteThroughCache(redis_client)

async def update_analysis(analysis_id: str, data: AnalysisUpdate) -> Analysis:
    return await cache.write(
        key=f"analysis:{analysis_id}",
        value=data,
        db_write_fn=lambda d: repo.update(analysis_id, d),
    )

Write-Behind (Write-Back)

import asyncio
from collections import deque

class WriteBehindCache:
    def __init__(
        self,
        redis_client: redis.Redis,
        flush_interval: float = 5.0,
        batch_size: int = 100,
    ):
        self.redis = redis_client
        self.flush_interval = flush_interval
        self.batch_size = batch_size
        self._pending_writes: deque = deque()
        self._flush_task: asyncio.Task | None = None

    async def start(self):
        """Start background flush task."""
        self._flush_task = asyncio.create_task(self._flush_loop())

    async def stop(self):
        """Stop and flush remaining writes."""
        if self._flush_task:
            self._flush_task.cancel()
        await self._flush_pending()

    async def write(self, key: str, value: T) -> None:
        """Write to cache immediately, queue for DB."""
        await self.redis.set(key, json.dumps(value))
        self._pending_writes.append((key, value))

        if len(self._pending_writes) >= self.batch_size:
            await self._flush_pending()

    async def _flush_loop(self):
        while True:
            await asyncio.sleep(self.flush_interval)
            await self._flush_pending()

    async def _flush_pending(self):
        if not self._pending_writes:
            return

        batch = []
        while self._pending_writes and len(batch) < self.batch_size:
            batch.append(self._pending_writes.popleft())

        # Bulk write to database
        await repo.bulk_upsert([v for _, v in batch])

Cache Invalidation Patterns

TTL-Based (Time to Live)

# Simple TTL
await redis.setex("analysis:123", 3600, data)  # 1 hour

# TTL with jitter (prevent stampede)
import random
base_ttl = 3600
jitter = random.randint(-300, 300)  # ±5 minutes
await redis.setex("analysis:123", base_ttl + jitter, data)

Event-Based Invalidation

class CacheInvalidator:
    def __init__(self, redis_client: redis.Redis):
        self.redis = redis_client

    async def invalidate(self, key: str) -> None:
        """Delete single key."""
        await self.redis.delete(key)

    async def invalidate_pattern(self, pattern: str) -> int:
        """Delete keys matching pattern."""
        keys = []
        async for key in self.redis.scan_iter(match=pattern):
            keys.append(key)

        if keys:
            return await self.redis.delete(*keys)
        return 0

    async def invalidate_tags(self, *tags: str) -> int:
        """Invalidate all keys with given tags."""
        count = 0
        for tag in tags:
            tag_key = f"tag:{tag}"
            members = await self.redis.smembers(tag_key)
            if members:
                count += await self.redis.delete(*members)
            await self.redis.delete(tag_key)
        return count

# Usage with tags
async def cache_with_tags(key: str, value: T, tags: list[str]):
    await redis.set(key, json.dumps(value))
    for tag in tags:
        await redis.sadd(f"tag:{tag}", key)

# Invalidate by tag
await invalidator.invalidate_tags("user:123", "analyses")

Version-Based Invalidation

class VersionedCache:
    def __init__(self, redis_client: redis.Redis):
        self.redis = redis_client

    async def get_version(self, namespace: str) -> int:
        version = await self.redis.get(f"version:{namespace}")
        return int(version) if version else 1

    async def increment_version(self, namespace: str) -> int:
        return await self.redis.incr(f"version:{namespace}")

    def make_key(self, namespace: str, key: str, version: int) -> str:
        return f"{namespace}:v{version}:{key}"

    async def get(self, namespace: str, key: str) -> T | None:
        version = await self.get_version(namespace)
        full_key = self.make_key(namespace, key, version)
        cached = await self.redis.get(full_key)
        return json.loads(cached) if cached else None

    async def invalidate_namespace(self, namespace: str) -> None:
        """Increment version to invalidate all keys."""
        await self.increment_version(namespace)

Cache Stampede Prevention

import asyncio
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

class StampedeProtection:
    def __init__(self, redis_client: redis.Redis):
        self.redis = redis_client
        self._local_locks: dict[str, asyncio.Lock] = {}

    @asynccontextmanager
    async def lock(self, key: str, timeout: int = 10):
        """Distributed lock to prevent stampede."""
        lock_key = f"lock:{key}"

        # Try to acquire distributed lock
        acquired = await self.redis.set(
            lock_key, "1", nx=True, ex=timeout
        )

        if not acquired:
            # Wait for existing computation
            for _ in range(timeout * 10):
                if await self.redis.exists(key):
                    return  # Data available
                await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
            raise TimeoutError(f"Lock timeout for {key}")

        try:
            yield
        finally:
            await self.redis.delete(lock_key)

# Usage
async def get_expensive_data(key: str) -> Data:
    cached = await redis.get(key)
    if cached:
        return json.loads(cached)

    async with stampede.lock(key):
        # Double-check after acquiring lock
        cached = await redis.get(key)
        if cached:
            return json.loads(cached)

        # Compute expensive data
        data = await compute_expensive_data()
        await redis.setex(key, 3600, json.dumps(data))
        return data

Anti-Patterns (FORBIDDEN)

# NEVER cache without TTL (memory leak)
await redis.set("key", value)  # No expiration!

# NEVER cache sensitive data without encryption
await redis.set("user:123:password", password)

# NEVER use cache as primary storage
await redis.set("order:123", order_data)
# ... database write fails, data lost!

# NEVER ignore cache failures
try:
    await redis.get(key)
except:
    pass  # Silent failure = stale data

Key Decisions

Related Skills

• redis-patterns - Advanced Redis usage
• resilience-patterns - Fallback strategies
• observability-monitoring - Cache hit metrics

Capability Details

cache-aside

Keywords: cache aside, lazy loading, cache miss, get or set Solves:

• How to implement lazy loading cache?
• Cache on read pattern

write-through

Keywords: write through, cache consistency, synchronous cache Solves:

• How to keep cache consistent with database?
• Strong consistency caching

write-behind

Keywords: write behind, write back, async cache, batch writes Solves:

• High write throughput caching
• Async database writes

cache-invalidation

Keywords: invalidation, cache bust, TTL, cache tags Solves:

• How to invalidate cache?
• When to expire cached data

stampede-prevention

Keywords: stampede, thundering herd, cache lock, singleflight Solves:

• Prevent cache stampede
• Multiple requests hitting DB