Cloud Monitoring

Cloud Monitoring

Comprehensive observability with metrics, logs, and traces.

When to Use

• Setting up monitoring infrastructure
• Creating dashboards and alerts
• Troubleshooting performance issues
• Implementing SLOs/SLIs
• Capacity planning

Prometheus

Installation (Kubernetes)

helm repo add prometheus-community https://prometheus-community.github.io/helm-charts
helm install prometheus prometheus-community/kube-prometheus-stack \
  --namespace monitoring --create-namespace

ServiceMonitor

apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: ServiceMonitor
metadata:
  name: myapp
  labels:
    release: prometheus
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  endpoints:
    - port: metrics
      interval: 30s
      path: /metrics

PrometheusRule (Alerts)

apiVersion: monitoring.coreos.com/v1
kind: PrometheusRule
metadata:
  name: myapp-alerts
spec:
  groups:
    - name: myapp
      rules:
        - alert: HighErrorRate
          expr: |
            sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])) /
            sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) > 0.05
          for: 5m
          labels:
            severity: critical
          annotations:
            summary: "High error rate ({{ $value | humanizePercentage }})"

        - alert: HighLatency
          expr: |
            histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) > 1
          for: 5m
          labels:
            severity: warning
          annotations:
            summary: "P95 latency above 1s"

        - alert: PodCrashLooping
          expr: |
            increase(kube_pod_container_status_restarts_total[1h]) > 5
          for: 5m
          labels:
            severity: critical
          annotations:
            summary: "Pod {{ $labels.pod }} is crash looping"

PromQL Queries

# Request rate
rate(http_requests_total[5m])

# Error rate percentage
sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) * 100

# P95 latency
histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m]))

# CPU usage by container
sum(rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total[5m])) by (container)

# Memory usage
container_memory_working_set_bytes / container_spec_memory_limit_bytes * 100

# Saturation - CPU throttling
rate(container_cpu_cfs_throttled_periods_total[5m]) / rate(container_cpu_cfs_periods_total[5m]) * 100

Grafana Dashboards

Dashboard JSON

{
  "title": "Application Overview",
  "panels": [
    {
      "title": "Request Rate",
      "type": "stat",
      "targets": [
        {
          "expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m]))",
          "legendFormat": "req/s"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Error Rate",
      "type": "gauge",
      "targets": [
        {
          "expr": "sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~\"5..\"}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) * 100"
        }
      ],
      "fieldConfig": {
        "defaults": {
          "thresholds": {
            "steps": [
              {"color": "green", "value": null},
              {"color": "yellow", "value": 1},
              {"color": "red", "value": 5}
            ]
          }
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

Application Metrics

Node.js (prom-client)

import { Registry, Counter, Histogram, collectDefaultMetrics } from 'prom-client';

const register = new Registry();
collectDefaultMetrics({ register });

// Custom metrics
const httpRequestsTotal = new Counter({
  name: 'http_requests_total',
  help: 'Total HTTP requests',
  labelNames: ['method', 'path', 'status'],
  registers: [register],
});

const httpRequestDuration = new Histogram({
  name: 'http_request_duration_seconds',
  help: 'HTTP request duration in seconds',
  labelNames: ['method', 'path'],
  buckets: [0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5],
  registers: [register],
});

// Middleware
app.use((req, res, next) => {
  const end = httpRequestDuration.startTimer({ method: req.method, path: req.path });
  res.on('finish', () => {
    httpRequestsTotal.inc({ method: req.method, path: req.path, status: res.statusCode });
    end();
  });
  next();
});

// Metrics endpoint
app.get('/metrics', async (req, res) => {
  res.set('Content-Type', register.contentType);
  res.end(await register.metrics());
});

Python (prometheus_client)

from prometheus_client import Counter, Histogram, generate_latest, REGISTRY
from functools import wraps
import time

REQUEST_COUNT = Counter(
    'http_requests_total',
    'Total HTTP requests',
    ['method', 'endpoint', 'status']
)

REQUEST_LATENCY = Histogram(
    'http_request_duration_seconds',
    'HTTP request duration',
    ['method', 'endpoint'],
    buckets=[.01, .05, .1, .5, 1, 2, 5]
)

def track_requests(func):
    @wraps(func)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        start = time.time()
        response = func(*args, **kwargs)
        REQUEST_LATENCY.labels(
            method=request.method,
            endpoint=request.endpoint
        ).observe(time.time() - start)
        REQUEST_COUNT.labels(
            method=request.method,
            endpoint=request.endpoint,
            status=response.status_code
        ).inc()
        return response
    return wrapper

@app.route('/metrics')
def metrics():
    return generate_latest(REGISTRY), 200, {'Content-Type': 'text/plain'}

SLOs/SLIs

SLI Definitions

Error Budget

# Error budget remaining
1 - (
  sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[30d])) /
  sum(rate(http_requests_total[30d]))
) / (1 - 0.999)  # 99.9% SLO

Alert Thresholds

Cloud-Native Monitoring

AWS CloudWatch

resource "aws_cloudwatch_metric_alarm" "cpu_high" {
  alarm_name          = "${var.project}-cpu-high"
  comparison_operator = "GreaterThanThreshold"
  evaluation_periods  = 2
  metric_name         = "CPUUtilization"
  namespace           = "AWS/ECS"
  period              = 300
  statistic           = "Average"
  threshold           = 80
  alarm_actions       = [aws_sns_topic.alerts.arn]
}

GCP Cloud Monitoring

resource "google_monitoring_alert_policy" "cpu_high" {
  display_name = "${var.project}-cpu-high"
  combiner     = "OR"

  conditions {
    display_name = "CPU utilization"
    condition_threshold {
      filter          = "resource.type=\"gce_instance\" AND metric.type=\"compute.googleapis.com/instance/cpu/utilization\""
      comparison      = "COMPARISON_GT"
      threshold_value = 0.8
      duration        = "300s"
    }
  }

  notification_channels = [google_monitoring_notification_channel.email.id]
}

Integration

Works with:

• /devops - Deployment monitoring
• /k8s - Kubernetes observability
• /aws, /gcp, /azure - Cloud monitoring
• /security - Security monitoring