Effects

OCaml 5 Effects Design

Core Principle

Effects for control flow, exceptions for errors.

Layered Design

Effects should be handled at the source level, not in protocol parsers:

Application
    ↓
Protocol parser (Binary.Reader, Cbor, etc.)
    ↓  raises exceptions on EOF/error
bytesrw (effect-agnostic)
    ↓  just calls pull function
Source (Eio flow, affect fd, Unix fd)
    ↓  performs effects for suspension
Effect handler (Eio scheduler, affect runtime)

Why This Matters

• Parsers stay pure: No effect dependencies, easy to test
• Sources control blocking: Handler decides wait vs fail vs timeout
• Composability: Same parser works with any effect system

Effect Libraries

Eio

Effects are internal to the scheduler. User code looks synchronous:

(* Reading blocks via internal effects *)
let data = Eio.Flow.read flow buf

affect

Explicit effects for fiber scheduling:

type _ Effect.t +=
| Block : 'a block -> 'a Effect.t   (* suspension *)
| Await : await -> unit Effect.t    (* wait on fibers *)
| Yield : unit Effect.t             (* cooperative yield *)

(* Block has callbacks for scheduler integration *)
type 'a block = {
  block : handle -> unit;      (* register blocked fiber *)
  cancel : handle -> bool;     (* handle cancellation *)
  return : handle -> 'a        (* extract result *)
}

bytesrw

Effect-agnostic streaming. The pull function you provide can perform any effects:

(* bytesrw just calls your function *)
let reader = Bytesrw.Bytes.Reader.make my_pull_fn

(* If my_pull_fn performs Eio effects, they propagate *)
(* If my_pull_fn performs affect Block, they propagate *)
(* bytesrw doesn't care - it just calls the function *)

Integration Pattern

Wire effect-performing sources to effect-agnostic libraries:

(* With Eio *)
let reader = Bytesrw_eio.bytes_reader_of_flow flow in
let r = Binary.Reader.of_reader reader in
parse r  (* Eio effects happen in pull function *)

(* With affect *)
let pull () =
  let buf = Bytes.create 4096 in
  perform (Block { block; cancel; return = fun _ ->
    Slice.make buf ~first:0 ~length:n })
in
let reader = Bytesrw.Bytes.Reader.make pull in
parse (Binary.Reader.of_reader reader)

When EOF Is Reached

Slice.eod from bytesrw means final EOF - no more data will ever come.

• Not "data not ready" (that's handled by effects in pull function)
• Not "try again later" (source already waited via effects)
• Parser should raise exception (EOF is an error condition)

Anti-Patterns

Don't: Define Await effect in protocol parsers

(* WRONG - parser shouldn't know about suspension *)
let get_byte t =
  if no_data then perform Await; ...

Do: Let the source handle suspension

(* RIGHT - parser just reads, source handles waiting *)
let get_byte t =
  match pull_next_slice t with  (* may perform effects *)
  | Some slice -> ...
  | None -> raise End_of_file   (* true EOF *)

References

• Eio: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/eio
• affect: https://github.com/dbuenzli/affect
• bytesrw: https://erratique.ch/software/bytesrw
• OCaml effects tutorial: https://github.com/ocaml-multicore/ocaml-effects-tutorial
• Retrofitting Effect Handlers onto OCaml (PLDI 2021): https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3453483.3454039
• Collège de France 2023-2024 lectures on control structures: https://xavierleroy.org/CdF/2023-2024/