Optimizing Streamlit Performance

Streamlit performance

Performance is the biggest win. Without caching and fragments, your app reruns everything on every interaction.

Caching

@st.cache_data for data

Use for any function that loads or computes data.

# BAD: Recomputes on every rerun
def load_data(path):
    return pd.read_csv(path)

# GOOD: Cached
@st.cache_data
def load_data(path):
    return pd.read_csv(path)

@st.cache_resource for connections

Use for connections, API clients, ML models—objects that can't be serialized.

@st.cache_resource
def get_connection():
    return st.connection("snowflake")

@st.cache_resource
def load_model():
    return torch.load("model.pt")

Critical warning: Never mutate @st.cache_resource returns—changes affect all users:

# BAD: Mutating shared resource
@st.cache_resource
def get_config():
    return {"setting": "default"}

config = get_config()
config["setting"] = "custom"  # Affects ALL users!

# GOOD: Copy before modifying
config = get_config().copy()
config["setting"] = "custom"

Cleanup with on_release: Clean up resources when evicted from cache:

def cleanup_connection(conn):
    conn.close()

@st.cache_resource(on_release=cleanup_connection)
def get_database():
    return create_connection()

TTL for fresh data

@st.cache_data(ttl="5m")  # 5 minutes
def get_metrics():
    return api.fetch()

@st.cache_data(ttl="1h")  # 1 hour
def load_reference_data():
    return pd.read_csv("large_reference.csv")

Guidelines:

• Real-time dashboards → ttl="1m" or less
• Metrics/reports → ttl="5m" to ttl="15m"
• Reference data → ttl="1h" or more
• Static data → No TTL

Prevent unbounded cache growth

Important: Caches without ttl or max_entries can grow indefinitely and cause memory issues. For any cached function that stores changing objects (user-specific data, parameterized queries), set limits:

# BAD: Unbounded cache - memory will grow indefinitely
@st.cache_data
def get_user_data(user_id):
    return fetch_user(user_id)

# GOOD: Bounded cache with TTL
@st.cache_data(ttl="1h")
def get_user_data(user_id):
    return fetch_user(user_id)

# GOOD: Bounded cache with max entries
@st.cache_data(max_entries=100)
def get_user_data(user_id):
    return fetch_user(user_id)

Use ttl for time-based expiration OR max_entries for size-based limits. You usually don't need both.

Caching anti-patterns

Don't cache functions that read widgets:

# BAD: Widget inside cached function
@st.cache_data
def filtered_data():
    query = st.text_input("Query")  # Widget inside cached function!
    return df[df["name"].str.contains(query)]

# GOOD: Pass widget values as parameters
@st.cache_data
def filtered_data(query: str):
    return df[df["name"].str.contains(query)]

query = st.text_input("Query")
result = filtered_data(query)

Cache at the right granularity:

# BAD: Caching too much - new cache entry per filter value
@st.cache_data
def get_and_filter_data(filter_value):
    data = load_all_data()  # Expensive!
    return data[data["col"] == filter_value]

# GOOD: Cache the expensive part, filter separately
@st.cache_data(ttl="1h")
def load_all_data():
    return fetch_from_database()

data = load_all_data()
filtered = data[data["col"] == filter_value]

Fragments

Use @st.fragment to isolate reruns for self-contained UI pieces.

# BAD: Full app reruns
st.metric("Users", get_count())
if st.button("Refresh"):
    st.rerun()

# GOOD: Only fragment reruns
@st.fragment
def live_metrics():
    st.metric("Users", get_count())
    st.button("Refresh")

live_metrics()

For auto-refreshing metrics, use run_every:

@st.fragment(run_every="30s")
def auto_refresh_metrics():
    st.metric("Users", get_count())

auto_refresh_metrics()

Use for: live metrics, refresh buttons, interactive charts that don't affect global state.

Forms to batch interactions

By default, every widget interaction triggers a full rerun. Use st.form to batch multiple inputs and only rerun on submit.

# BAD: Reruns on every keystroke and selection
name = st.text_input("Name")
email = st.text_input("Email")
role = st.selectbox("Role", ["Admin", "User"])

# GOOD: Single rerun when user clicks Submit
with st.form("user_form"):
    name = st.text_input("Name")
    email = st.text_input("Email")
    role = st.selectbox("Role", ["Admin", "User"])
    submitted = st.form_submit_button("Submit")

if submitted:
    save_user(name, email, role)

Use border=False for seamless inline forms that don't look like forms:

with st.form("search", border=False):
    with st.container(horizontal=True):
        query = st.text_input("Search", label_visibility="collapsed")
        st.form_submit_button(":material/search:")

When to use forms:

• Multiple related inputs (signup, filters, settings)
• Text inputs where typing triggers expensive operations
• Any UI where "submit" semantics make sense

When NOT to use forms: If inputs depend on each other (e.g., selecting a country should update available cities), forms won't work since there's no rerun until submit.

Conditional rendering

This is critical and often missed.

Layout containers like st.tabs, st.expander, and st.popover always render all their content, even when hidden or collapsed.

To render content only when needed, use elements like st.segmented_control, st.toggle, or @st.dialog with conditional logic:

# BAD: Heavy content loads even when tab not visible
tab1, tab2 = st.tabs(["Light", "Heavy"])
with tab2:
    expensive_chart()  # Always computed!

# GOOD: Content only loads when selected
view = st.segmented_control("View", ["Light", "Heavy"])
if view == "Heavy":
    expensive_chart()  # Only computed when selected

# BAD: Expander content always loads
with st.expander("Advanced options"):
    heavy_computation()  # Runs even when collapsed!

# GOOD: Toggle controls loading
if st.toggle("Show advanced options"):
    heavy_computation()  # Only runs when toggled on

Pre-computation

Move expensive work outside the main flow:

• Compute aggregations in SQL/dbt, not Python
• Pre-compute metrics in scheduled jobs
• Use materialized views for complex queries

Large data handling

For datasets under ~100M rows

@st.cache_data
def load_data():
    return pd.read_parquet("large_file.parquet")

For very large datasets (over ~100M rows)

Note: This is only an escape hatch when serialization becomes too slow. In most cases, data this large shouldn't be loaded entirely into memory—prefer using a database that queries and loads data on demand.

@st.cache_data uses pickle which slows with huge data. Use @st.cache_resource instead:

@st.cache_resource  # No serialization overhead
def load_huge_data():
    return pd.read_parquet("huge_file.parquet")

# WARNING: Don't mutate the returned DataFrame!

Sampling for exploration

When exploring large datasets, load a random sample instead of the full data:

@st.cache_data(ttl="1h")
def load_sample(n=10000):
    df = pd.read_parquet("huge.parquet")
    return df.sample(n=n)

Multithreading

Custom threads cannot call Streamlit commands (no session context).

import threading

def fetch_in_background(url, results, index):
    results[index] = requests.get(url).json()  # No st.* calls!

# Collect results, then display in main thread
results = [None] * len(urls)
threads = [
    threading.Thread(target=fetch_in_background, args=(url, results, i))
    for i, url in enumerate(urls)
]
for t in threads:
    t.start()
for t in threads:
    t.join()

# Now display in main thread
for result in results:
    st.write(result)

Prefer alternatives when possible:

• @st.cache_data for expensive computations
• @st.fragment(run_every="5s") for periodic updates

References

• Caching overview
• st.cache_data
• st.cache_resource
• st.fragment
• st.form