majiayu000 threejs-impl-drei
Quick Reference
Installation
npm install @react-three/drei @react-three/fiber three
Critical Warnings
ALWAYS wrap components that use loader hooks (useGLTF, useTexture, useFBX, useKTX2, useFont) in <Suspense fallback={...}>. Omitting Suspense causes the entire React tree to crash.
ALWAYS add makeDefault to your primary camera controls (<OrbitControls makeDefault />). Without makeDefault, Drei controls do NOT integrate with R3F's event system and pointer events break.
NEVER use an invalid Environment preset name. The ONLY valid presets are: apartment, city, dawn, forest, lobby, night, park, studio, sunset, warehouse.
NEVER forget to call .preload() for critical assets. Use useGLTF.preload('/model.glb') at module scope to start loading before component mount.
ALWAYS use <Instances> for rendering more than 100 identical meshes. Individual meshes cause one draw call each; instances batch them into one.
Controls
OrbitControls
The most common camera control. Orbit, zoom, and pan around a target.
import { OrbitControls } from '@react-three/drei'
<OrbitControls
makeDefault // ALWAYS add — integrates with R3F events
enableDamping // smooth movement
dampingFactor={0.05}
minDistance={2}
maxDistance={20}
minPolarAngle={0}
maxPolarAngle={Math.PI / 2} // prevent going below ground
/>
Other Controls
| Component | Use Case |
|---|---|
CameraControls |
Full-featured camera (recommended for complex scenes) |
MapControls |
Top-down map navigation (orbit restricted to vertical axis) |
PresentationControls |
Drag-to-rotate with spring physics (product viewers) |
ScrollControls |
Scroll-driven animation (pages prop sets scroll length) |
TransformControls |
Translate/rotate/scale gizmo on selected objects |
DragControls |
Drag objects in 3D space |
KeyboardControls |
Keyboard input as React context |
FaceControls |
Face-tracking camera movement |
ScrollControls Pattern
import { ScrollControls, useScroll } from '@react-three/drei'
<ScrollControls pages={3} damping={0.1}>
<ScrollScene />
</ScrollControls>
function ScrollScene() {
const scroll = useScroll()
useFrame(() => {
const offset = scroll.offset // 0 to 1
})
return <mesh />
}
Environment and Staging
Environment
Loads HDR environment maps for realistic reflections and lighting.
import { Environment } from '@react-three/drei'
// Preset (downloads from polyhaven CDN)
<Environment preset="city" background blur={0.5} />
// Custom HDR file
<Environment files="/env.hdr" background />
// Custom environment with Lightformers
<Environment background>
<Lightformer form="rect" intensity={2} position={[0, 5, -5]} scale={[10, 5, 1]} />
</Environment>
Valid presets: apartment, city, dawn, forest, lobby, night, park, studio, sunset, warehouse.
Stage
Complete lighting and shadow setup in one component. Ideal for product viewers.
import { Stage } from '@react-three/drei'
<Stage preset="rembrandt" intensity={0.5} environment="city" adjustCamera>
<Model />
</Stage>
Shadow Components
| Component | Use Case | Key Props |
|---|---|---|
ContactShadows |
Soft ground shadows (no light needed) | opacity, scale, blur, far, resolution, color |
AccumulativeShadows |
High-quality baked soft shadows | frames, alphaTest, scale, opacity |
RandomizedLight |
Child of AccumulativeShadows | amount, radius, intensity, position |
BakeShadows |
Bake shadow maps once, stop updating | — |
SoftShadows |
PCSS soft shadows for real-time lights | — |
AccumulativeShadows Pattern
<AccumulativeShadows temporal frames={100} scale={10} position={[0, -0.5, 0]}>
<RandomizedLight amount={8} radius={4} position={[5, 5, -10]} />
</AccumulativeShadows>
Atmosphere
| Component | Purpose | Key Props |
|---|---|---|
Sky |
Procedural sky dome | sunPosition, turbidity, rayleigh |
Stars |
Particle starfield | radius, count, factor, fade |
Sparkles |
Floating particles | count, size, speed, color |
Cloud |
Volumetric clouds | opacity, speed, segments, bounds |
Text and HTML
Text (SDF)
High-quality 2D text rendered with signed distance fields via troika-three-text.
import { Text } from '@react-three/drei'
<Text
fontSize={0.5}
color="white"
anchorX="center"
anchorY="middle"
maxWidth={2}
font="/fonts/Inter-Bold.woff"
>
Hello World
</Text>
Text3D
Extruded 3D geometry text. Requires a JSON font file (use facetype.js to convert).
import { Text3D, Center } from '@react-three/drei'
<Center>
<Text3D font="/fonts/Inter_Bold.json" size={0.75} height={0.2} bevelEnabled bevelSize={0.02}>
Hello
<meshStandardMaterial color="orange" />
</Text3D>
</Center>
Html
Renders DOM elements positioned in 3D space.
import { Html } from '@react-three/drei'
<mesh position={[0, 2, 0]}>
<Html
transform // transforms with 3D position
distanceFactor={10} // scales with distance
occlude // hides behind 3D objects
center // centers the HTML element
className="label"
>
<div style={{ color: 'white' }}>Annotation</div>
</Html>
</mesh>
Billboard
ALWAYS faces the camera. Use for labels and sprites.
import { Billboard, Text } from '@react-three/drei'
<Billboard follow={true} lockX={false} lockY={false} lockZ={false}>
<Text fontSize={0.5}>Always Visible</Text>
</Billboard>
Hud
Renders a heads-up display in a separate orthographic scene.
import { Hud, OrthographicCamera } from '@react-three/drei'
<Hud renderPriority={1}>
<OrthographicCamera makeDefault position={[0, 0, 5]} />
<Text position={[0, 0, 0]} fontSize={0.1}>HUD Text</Text>
</Hud>
Materials
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
MeshReflectorMaterial |
Reflective floors with blur, distortion, resolution |
MeshTransmissionMaterial |
Glass with chromatic aberration, distortion, thickness |
MeshRefractionMaterial |
Refraction using environment cube map |
MeshWobbleMaterial |
Animated wobble on MeshStandardMaterial |
MeshDistortMaterial |
Perlin noise distortion on MeshStandardMaterial |
MeshDiscardMaterial |
Renders nothing (shadow-only objects) |
shaderMaterial |
Helper to create custom ShaderMaterial as JSX |
MeshReflectorMaterial Example
<mesh rotation={[-Math.PI / 2, 0, 0]} position={[0, -0.5, 0]}>
<planeGeometry args={[50, 50]} />
<MeshReflectorMaterial
blur={[300, 100]}
resolution={1024}
mixBlur={1}
mixStrength={50}
roughness={1}
depthScale={1.2}
minDepthThreshold={0.4}
maxDepthThreshold={1.4}
color="#151515"
metalness={0.5}
/>
</mesh>
shaderMaterial Helper
import { shaderMaterial } from '@react-three/drei'
import { extend } from '@react-three/fiber'
const WaveMaterial = shaderMaterial(
{ uTime: 0, uColor: new THREE.Color(0.2, 0.0, 0.1) },
/* vertex */ `varying vec2 vUv; void main() { vUv = uv; gl_Position = projectionMatrix * modelViewMatrix * vec4(position, 1.0); }`,
/* fragment */ `uniform float uTime; uniform vec3 uColor; varying vec2 vUv; void main() { gl_FragColor = vec4(vUv * uColor, 1.0); }`
)
extend({ WaveMaterial })
// Usage: <waveMaterial uTime={clock.elapsedTime} />
Loaders
ALWAYS wrap loader-consuming components in <Suspense>.
| Hook | Returns | Preload |
|---|---|---|
useGLTF(url) |
{ nodes, materials, scene, animations } |
useGLTF.preload(url) |
useTexture(url) |
THREE.Texture or map object |
useTexture.preload(url) |
useFBX(url) |
THREE.Group |
useFBX.preload(url) |
useKTX2(url) |
Compressed texture | useKTX2.preload(url) |
useFont(url) |
Font data for Text3D | useFont.preload(url) |
useAnimations(clips, ref) |
{ actions, names, mixer, ref } |
— |
useVideoTexture(url) |
THREE.VideoTexture |
— |
useGLTF Pattern
import { useGLTF } from '@react-three/drei'
function Model(props) {
const { nodes, materials } = useGLTF('/model.glb')
return (
<group {...props}>
<mesh geometry={nodes.Body.geometry} material={materials.Metal} />
</group>
)
}
useGLTF.preload('/model.glb')
useTexture with Multiple Maps
const textures = useTexture({
map: '/color.jpg',
normalMap: '/normal.jpg',
roughnessMap: '/roughness.jpg',
aoMap: '/ao.jpg',
})
// Spread directly onto material
<meshStandardMaterial {...textures} />
useAnimations Pattern
function AnimatedModel() {
const group = useRef()
const { nodes, animations } = useGLTF('/character.glb')
const { actions } = useAnimations(animations, group)
useEffect(() => {
actions['Walk']?.play()
return () => actions['Walk']?.stop()
}, [actions])
return <group ref={group}><primitive object={nodes.Scene} /></group>
}
Performance
Instances
ALWAYS use for large numbers of identical meshes (>100). Reduces draw calls from N to 1.
import { Instances, Instance } from '@react-three/drei'
<Instances limit={1000} range={1000}>
<boxGeometry />
<meshStandardMaterial />
{positions.map((pos, i) => (
<Instance key={i} position={pos} color="orange" />
))}
</Instances>
Merged
Merges different geometries into a single draw call.
import { Merged } from '@react-three/drei'
function Furniture({ nodes }) {
return (
<Merged meshes={[nodes.Chair, nodes.Table, nodes.Lamp]}>
{(Chair, Table, Lamp) => (
<>
<Chair position={[0, 0, 0]} />
<Table position={[2, 0, 0]} />
<Lamp position={[1, 1, 0]} />
</>
)}
</Merged>
)
}
Performance Helpers
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
Detailed |
LOD — switches geometry based on camera distance |
BakeShadows |
Bakes shadows once, stops updating |
AdaptiveDpr |
Lowers device pixel ratio during performance drops |
AdaptiveEvents |
Reduces event frequency during performance drops |
PerformanceMonitor |
Monitors FPS, triggers regression callbacks |
Bvh |
BVH-accelerated raycasting for complex meshes |
meshBounds |
Fast bounding-box raycasting (replaces per-triangle) |
PerformanceMonitor Pattern
<PerformanceMonitor
=> setDpr(2)}
=> setDpr(1)}
flipflops={3}
=> setDpr(0.5)}
/>
Staging and Layout
| Component | Purpose | Key Props |
|---|---|---|
Center |
Centers children at origin | top, right, bottom, left, front, back |
Float |
Floating hover animation | speed, rotationIntensity, floatIntensity |
Bounds |
Auto-fit camera to content | fit, clip, observe, margin |
Resize |
Normalizes children to unit size | width, height, depth |
Abstractions and Effects
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
Edges |
Renders wireframe edges |
Outlines |
Screen-space outlines |
Trail |
Motion trail behind objects |
Decal |
Project texture onto mesh surface |
Splat |
Gaussian splatting renderer |
Clone |
Deep clone with shared geometry/materials |
Image |
Texture-mapped plane with shader effects |
MeshPortalMaterial |
Portal — renders scene inside mesh surface |
GradientTexture |
Procedural gradient texture |
Gizmos
| Component | Purpose |
|---|---|
GizmoHelper |
Viewport orientation widget |
PivotControls |
Interactive pivot gizmo (translate/rotate/scale) |
TransformControls |
Three.js TransformControls wrapper |
Grid |
Infinite configurable grid plane |
Helper / useHelper |
Visualize light/camera helpers |
Component Selection Guide
| Scenario | Component |
|---|---|
| Product viewer | Stage + OrbitControls + Environment |
| Architectural walkthrough | CameraControls + Environment + ContactShadows |
| Scrolling experience | ScrollControls + useScroll |
| Data visualization | Instances + Html + Billboard |
| Text labels in 3D | Text (2D) or Text3D (extruded) + Billboard |
| Glass/transparent objects | MeshTransmissionMaterial + Environment |
| Reflective floors | MeshReflectorMaterial |
| Large identical meshes | Instances (>100) or Merged (mixed geometries) |
| Model loading | useGLTF + Suspense + .preload() |
| HUD / overlay | Hud or Html with fullscreen |
Reference Links
- references/methods.md -- Key component props and hook signatures
- references/examples.md -- Complete working examples
- references/anti-patterns.md -- Common mistakes and fixes