majiayu000 Visual Designer
Great design is invisible - users notice when it's bad, not when it's good.
Core Principle
Consistency over creativity.
Visual design serves the user experience. Every color, font, and spacing decision should have a purpose.
Phase 1: Color Systems
Color Theory Basics
Color Wheel:
- Complementary: Opposite colors (blue + orange) - high contrast
- Analogous: Adjacent colors (blue + green + teal) - harmonious
- Triadic: Three evenly spaced colors - balanced
- Monochromatic: Shades of one color - safe, minimal
Creating a Color Palette
60-30-10 Rule:
- 60% Primary color (dominant)
- 30% Secondary color (supporting)
- 10% Accent color (call-to-action)
Example Palette:
/* Primary (60%) - Backgrounds, large areas */
--color-primary-50: #eff6ff;
--color-primary-100: #dbeafe;
--color-primary-200: #bfdbfe;
--color-primary-500: #3b82f6; /* Main brand color */
--color-primary-600: #2563eb;
--color-primary-900: #1e3a8a;
/* Secondary (30%) - Complementary elements */
--color-secondary-500: #8b5cf6;
--color-secondary-600: #7c3aed;
/* Accent (10%) - CTAs, highlights */
--color-accent-500: #f59e0b;
--color-accent-600: #d97706;
/* Neutrals - Text, borders */
--color-gray-50: #f9fafb;
--color-gray-100: #f3f4f6;
--color-gray-300: #d1d5db;
--color-gray-500: #6b7280;
--color-gray-700: #374151;
--color-gray-900: #111827;
/* Semantic colors */
--color-success: #10b981;
--color-warning: #f59e0b;
--color-error: #ef4444;
--color-info: #3b82f6;
Accessible Color Contrast
WCAG Requirements:
- Normal text (< 18pt): 4.5:1 contrast ratio
- Large text (≥ 18pt or 14pt bold): 3:1 contrast ratio
- UI components: 3:1 contrast ratio
/* ✅ Good: Sufficient contrast (8:1) */
.text {
color: #111827; /* gray-900 */
background: #ffffff;
}
/* ❌ Bad: Insufficient contrast (2.1:1) */
.text-bad {
color: #d1d5db; /* gray-300 */
background: #ffffff;
}
Tools:
- Coolors.co - Generate palettes
- Color Contrast Checker
- Adobe Color
Dark Mode Strategy
:root {
--bg-primary: #ffffff;
--bg-secondary: #f9fafb;
--text-primary: #111827;
--text-secondary: #6b7280;
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
:root {
--bg-primary: #111827;
--bg-secondary: #1f2937;
--text-primary: #f9fafb;
--text-secondary: #9ca3af;
}
}
Dark Mode Checklist:
- Reduce pure white (#fff) → use off-white (#f9fafb)
- Reduce pure black (#000) → use dark gray (#111827)
- Increase contrast on dark backgrounds
- Test with actual dark mode users
- Support system preference
Phase 2: Typography
Font Pairing Principles
Golden Rule: Maximum 2 fonts
- Heading font: Distinctive, attention-grabbing
- Body font: Readable, neutral
Popular Pairings:
/* Modern & Clean */
--font-heading: 'Inter', sans-serif;
--font-body: 'Inter', sans-serif;
/* Classic & Professional */
--font-heading: 'Playfair Display', serif;
--font-body: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif;
/* Tech & Minimal */
--font-heading: 'Space Grotesk', sans-serif;
--font-body: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;
/* Creative & Friendly */
--font-heading: 'Poppins', sans-serif;
--font-body: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
Type Scale (Modular Scale)
Base size: 16px (1rem) Scale ratio: 1.25 (Major Third)
--text-xs: 0.64rem; /* 10.24px */
--text-sm: 0.8rem; /* 12.8px */
--text-base: 1rem; /* 16px */
--text-lg: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
--text-xl: 1.563rem; /* 25px */
--text-2xl: 1.953rem; /* 31.25px */
--text-3xl: 2.441rem; /* 39px */
--text-4xl: 3.052rem; /* 48.83px */
--text-5xl: 3.815rem; /* 61px */
/* Font weights */
--font-normal: 400;
--font-medium: 500;
--font-semibold: 600;
--font-bold: 700;
Line Height & Spacing
/* Headings: Tighter line-height */
h1,
h2,
h3 {
line-height: 1.2;
}
/* Body text: Comfortable reading */
p {
line-height: 1.6;
max-width: 65ch; /* 65 characters max for readability */
}
/* Small text: More line-height */
.text-sm {
line-height: 1.8;
}
/* Letter spacing */
.heading {
letter-spacing: -0.02em; /* Tighter */
}
.uppercase {
letter-spacing: 0.05em; /* Wider for all-caps */
}
Responsive Typography
/* Fluid typography */
h1 {
font-size: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
}
/* Or breakpoint-based */
h1 {
font-size: 2rem;
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
h1 {
font-size: 3rem;
}
}
@media (min-width: 1024px) {
h1 {
font-size: 3.5rem;
}
}
Phase 3: Spacing System
8pt Grid System
Why 8pt?
- Most screens are divisible by 8
- Creates visual rhythm
- Easier to maintain consistency
--space-1: 0.25rem; /* 4px */
--space-2: 0.5rem; /* 8px */
--space-3: 0.75rem; /* 12px */
--space-4: 1rem; /* 16px */
--space-5: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
--space-6: 1.5rem; /* 24px */
--space-8: 2rem; /* 32px */
--space-10: 2.5rem; /* 40px */
--space-12: 3rem; /* 48px */
--space-16: 4rem; /* 64px */
--space-20: 5rem; /* 80px */
--space-24: 6rem; /* 96px */
Usage:
/* Component padding */
.button {
padding: var(--space-3) var(--space-6); /* 12px 24px */
}
/* Section spacing */
.section {
padding: var(--space-16) 0; /* 64px top/bottom */
}
/* Element margins */
.heading {
margin-bottom: var(--space-4); /* 16px */
}
.paragraph {
margin-bottom: var(--space-6); /* 24px */
}
Vertical Rhythm
/* Consistent vertical spacing */
* + * {
margin-top: var(--space-4);
}
/* Specific overrides */
h1 + p {
margin-top: var(--space-6);
}
p + p {
margin-top: var(--space-4);
}
Phase 4: Layout & Composition
Visual Hierarchy
Establish importance through:
- Size: Larger = more important
- Weight: Bolder = more important
- Color: Brighter = more important
- Spacing: More space = more important
/* Primary heading */
h1 {
font-size: var(--text-4xl);
font-weight: var(--font-bold);
color: var(--text-primary);
margin-bottom: var(--space-8);
}
/* Secondary heading */
h2 {
font-size: var(--text-2xl);
font-weight: var(--font-semibold);
color: var(--text-primary);
margin-bottom: var(--space-4);
}
/* Body text */
p {
font-size: var(--text-base);
font-weight: var(--font-normal);
color: var(--text-secondary);
margin-bottom: var(--space-4);
}
/* Supporting text */
.caption {
font-size: var(--text-sm);
color: var(--text-tertiary);
}
Grid Systems
12-Column Grid:
.container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr);
gap: var(--space-4);
}
/* Full width */
.col-12 {
grid-column: span 12;
}
/* Half width */
.col-6 {
grid-column: span 6;
}
/* Third width */
.col-4 {
grid-column: span 4;
}
/* Responsive */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
.col-6 {
grid-column: span 12; /* Stack on mobile */
}
}
Whitespace (Negative Space)
/* ❌ Cramped */
.card-bad {
padding: 8px;
}
/* ✅ Breathing room */
.card-good {
padding: var(--space-8); /* 32px */
}
/* Content spacing */
.content {
max-width: 1200px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0 var(--space-4); /* Side padding */
}
Responsive Breakpoints
/* Mobile first */
:root {
--breakpoint-sm: 640px; /* Small devices */
--breakpoint-md: 768px; /* Tablets */
--breakpoint-lg: 1024px; /* Laptops */
--breakpoint-xl: 1280px; /* Desktops */
--breakpoint-2xl: 1536px; /* Large screens */
}
/* Usage */
@media (min-width: 768px) {
.container {
padding: var(--space-8);
}
}
Phase 5: Visual Polish
Shadows & Elevation
/* Elevation levels */
--shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
--shadow-md: 0 4px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
--shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
--shadow-xl: 0 20px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);
/* Usage */
.card {
box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
transition: box-shadow 0.2s;
}
.card:hover {
box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
}
Border Radius
--radius-sm: 0.25rem; /* 4px - small elements */
--radius-md: 0.5rem; /* 8px - buttons, inputs */
--radius-lg: 0.75rem; /* 12px - cards */
--radius-xl: 1rem; /* 16px - modals */
--radius-full: 9999px; /* Fully rounded */
/* Usage */
.button {
border-radius: var(--radius-md);
}
.avatar {
border-radius: var(--radius-full);
}
Transitions & Animations
/* Transition timing */
--transition-fast: 150ms;
--transition-base: 200ms;
--transition-slow: 300ms;
/* Easing functions */
--ease-in: cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1);
--ease-out: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);
--ease-in-out: cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
/* Button hover */
.button {
transition: all var(--transition-base) var(--ease-in-out);
}
.button:hover {
transform: translateY(-1px);
box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
}
/* Fade in */
@keyframes fadeIn {
from {
opacity: 0;
}
to {
opacity: 1;
}
}
.fade-in {
animation: fadeIn var(--transition-slow) var(--ease-out);
}
Design Principles
1. Contrast
Create clear distinction between elements
/* ✅ Good contrast */
.hero {
background: var(--color-primary-600);
color: white;
}
/* ❌ Poor contrast */
.hero-bad {
background: #ddd;
color: #aaa;
}
2. Alignment
Align elements to create order
/* ✅ Aligned */
.container {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: space-between;
}
3. Repetition
Repeat visual elements for consistency
/* Consistent button styles */
.button {
padding: var(--space-3) var(--space-6);
border-radius: var(--radius-md);
font-weight: var(--font-semibold);
}
4. Proximity
Group related elements
/* Form fields grouped */
.form-group {
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
gap: var(--space-2);
margin-bottom: var(--space-6);
}
Component Design Patterns
Buttons
/* Primary button */
.btn-primary {
background: var(--color-primary-600);
color: white;
padding: var(--space-3) var(--space-6);
border-radius: var(--radius-md);
font-weight: var(--font-semibold);
border: none;
cursor: pointer;
transition: all var(--transition-base);
}
.btn-primary:hover {
background: var(--color-primary-700);
transform: translateY(-1px);
box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
}
/* Secondary button */
.btn-secondary {
background: transparent;
color: var(--color-primary-600);
border: 2px solid var(--color-primary-600);
}
/* Ghost button */
.btn-ghost {
background: transparent;
color: var(--text-primary);
}
.btn-ghost:hover {
background: var(--color-gray-100);
}
Cards
.card {
background: white;
border-radius: var(--radius-lg);
padding: var(--space-6);
box-shadow: var(--shadow-md);
transition: all var(--transition-base);
}
.card:hover {
box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);
transform: translateY(-2px);
}
Forms
.input {
width: 100%;
padding: var(--space-3) var(--space-4);
border: 2px solid var(--color-gray-300);
border-radius: var(--radius-md);
font-size: var(--text-base);
transition: border-color var(--transition-base);
}
.input:focus {
outline: none;
border-color: var(--color-primary-500);
box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(59, 130, 246, 0.1);
}
.input:invalid {
border-color: var(--color-error);
}
Design Tools
Color Tools
- Coolors - Generate palettes
- Color Hunt - Curated palettes
- Adobe Color - Color wheel
- Contrast Checker
Typography Tools
- Google Fonts
- Font Pair - Font combinations
- Type Scale - Generate type scales
Design Systems
- Tailwind CSS - Utility-first CSS
- Radix Colors - Color system
- Open Color - Color scheme
Visual Design Checklist
Colors
- Primary, secondary, accent colors defined
- Neutral grays (50-900) defined
- Semantic colors (success, warning, error)
- All text meets WCAG contrast requirements
- Dark mode colors defined
Typography
- 1-2 fonts maximum
- Type scale defined (8-10 sizes)
- Font weights specified
- Line heights set appropriately
- Max-width for readability (65ch)
Spacing
- 8pt grid system used
- Consistent spacing scale
- Adequate whitespace
- Vertical rhythm maintained
Components
- Button styles consistent
- Form inputs styled consistently
- Cards have proper elevation
- Hover states defined
- Focus states visible
Responsive
- Mobile-first approach
- Breakpoints defined
- Touch targets ≥ 44px
- Text scales appropriately
Related Resources
Skills:
design-system-architect- Building design systemsux-designer- User experience designaccessibility-engineer- Color contrast, readability
External:
Good design makes the product easy to use. Great design makes it disappear. 🎨