Vocabulary Tier System
This dictionary uses a three-tier vocabulary classification system instead of JLPT levels. This approach provides a pedagogically coherent organization based on actual learner needs rather than test-preparation categories.
Overview of the Three Tiers
Basic Tier (600-800 words)
The most fundamental vocabulary that forms the foundation for any person learning Japanese, regardless of purpose.
Characteristics:
- Words needed from the very first days of study
- High-frequency function words (particles, pronouns, basic conjunctions)
- Essential verbs for daily actions (to be, to go, to eat, to see, etc.)
- Core adjectives for basic description (big, small, good, bad, etc.)
- Numbers, time expressions, and basic counters
- Fundamental nouns (person, thing, place, time, etc.)
- Basic question words (what, who, where, when, why, how)
Target learner: Complete beginner through early intermediate. Someone who has studied for approximately 3-6 months should know most basic tier vocabulary.
Core Tier (1600-2000 words)
Vocabulary expected to be known by any adult using Japanese for work, study, or social life.
Characteristics:
- Words needed for general adult communication
- Common verbs for workplace and social contexts
- Adjectives for nuanced description
- Nouns for everyday life, common objects, and general concepts
- Standard counters beyond the most basic ones
- Conjunctions and transition words for coherent speech/writing
- Words for expressing opinions, emotions, and abstract ideas
Target learner: Intermediate learner through advanced. Someone actively using Japanese in professional or social contexts should know most core tier vocabulary.
General Tier (no word limit)
All vocabulary not classified as basic or core.
Characteristics:
- Specialized or technical vocabulary
- Less frequent words
- Literary or archaic expressions
- Domain-specific terminology
- Regional or dialectal words
- Formal/keigo vocabulary beyond common patterns
- Words for specialized topics (science, law, medicine, etc.)
Target learner: Advanced learners, specialists, or those with specific domain interests.
The Self-Containment Principle
CRITICAL: Both basic and core tiers must be as self-contained as possible for semantically and functionally similar terms.
What This Means
If members of a natural semantic or functional group are included in a tier, all members of that group should be in the same tier. This prevents fragmented learning and ensures pedagogical coherence.
Examples of Self-Containment
Numerals 1-10
If {一|いち} is in basic, then ALL of these must be in basic:
- {一|いち}, {二|に}, {三|さん}, {四|し/よん}, {五|ご}, {六|ろく}, {七|しち/なな}, {八|はち}, {九|く/きゅう}, {十|じゅう}
You cannot have {一|いち} through {七|なな} in basic and {八|はち} through {十|じゅう} in core.
Days of the Week
If {月曜日|げつようび} is in a tier, all seven days must be in that same tier:
- {月曜日|げつようび}, {火曜日|かようび}, {水曜日|すいようび}, {木曜日|もくようび}, {金曜日|きんようび}, {土曜日|どようび}, {日曜日|にちようび}
Basic Color Terms
The core color terms should stay together:
- {赤|あか}, {青|あお}, {黄色|きいろ}, {白|しろ}, {黒|くろ}
If these are in basic, extended colors like {紫|むらさき}, {灰色|はいいろ}, {茶色|ちゃいろ} might reasonably be in core.
Family Terms
Basic family terms should stay together:
- {父|ちち}/{お父さん|おとうさん}, {母|はは}/{お母さん|おかあさん}, {兄|あに}/{お兄さん|おにいさん}, {姉|あね}/{お姉さん|おねえさん}, {弟|おとうと}, {妹|いもうと}
Question Words
Basic question words form a natural set:
- {何|なに/なん}, {誰|だれ}, {どこ}, {いつ}, {なぜ}/{どうして}, {どう}, {どれ}, {どの}, {どちら}
The Exclusion Corollary
If a semantic group cannot fit entirely within a tier's word limit, move the entire group to a lower-priority tier.
Example: The 十二支 (Chinese Zodiac)
If you are drafting the core vocabulary and approaching the 2000-word limit:
- You have included {子|ね} (rat), {丑|うし} (ox), {寅|とら} (tiger) in core
- But adding all 12 zodiac animals would exceed the limit
- Solution: Remove all three and place all 十二支 in general tier
This maintains the integrity of the semantic grouping. A learner in the core tier either knows all 12 zodiac animals or none—there's no awkward partial knowledge.
Example: Specialized Counter Sets
Counters for small animals ({匹|ひき}), flat objects ({枚|まい}), and long thin objects ({本|ほん}) might be core.
But if you're near the limit and have only included 3 of 6 floor-counting counters ({階|かい}):
- Either include all floor-related counters in core
- Or move them all to general
Semantic Groups Reference
When assigning tiers, consider these natural groupings:
Groups That Should Stay Together
Time expressions:
- Days of week (7 items)
- Months of year (12 items)
- Hours ({一時|いちじ} through {十二時|じゅうにじ})
- Time periods ({朝|あさ}, {昼|ひる}, {夕方|ゆうがた}, {夜|よる}, {夜中|よなか})
- Relative time ({今日|きょう}, {明日|あした}, {昨日|きのう}, {今週|こんしゅう}, etc.)
Numbers:
- Cardinal 1-10 (10 items)
- Cardinal 11-100 by tens (9 additional items)
- Ordinal numbers ({一番|いちばん}, {二番|にばん}, etc.)
Basic counters:
- Generic ({つ} series: {一|ひと}つ through {十|とお})
- People ({人|にん}: {一人|ひとり}, {二人|ふたり}, {三人|さんにん}...)
- Small items ({個|こ})
- Long thin objects ({本|ほん})
- Flat objects ({枚|まい})
Direction/location:
- Basic directions ({上|うえ}, {下|した}, {右|みぎ}, {左|ひだり}, {前|まえ}, {後ろ|うしろ}, {中|なか}, {外|そと})
- Cardinal directions ({北|きた}, {南|みなみ}, {東|ひがし}, {西|にし})
Body parts:
- Core set ({頭|あたま}, {顔|かお}, {目|め}, {耳|みみ}, {口|くち}, {鼻|はな}, {手|て}, {足|あし}, {体|からだ})
Family:
- Nuclear family terms (as listed above)
- Extended family ({祖父|そふ}, {祖母|そぼ}, etc.) may be separate group
Basic verbs:
- Existence ({いる}, {ある})
- Movement ({行く|いく}, {来る|くる}, {帰る|かえる}, {歩く|あるく}, {走る|はしる})
- Daily actions ({食べる|たべる}, {飲む|のむ}, {寝る|ねる}, {起きる|おきる})
- Communication ({言う|いう}, {話す|はなす}, {聞く|きく}, {読む|よむ}, {書く|かく})
Pronouns:
- First person ({私|わたし}, {僕|ぼく}, etc.)
- Second person ({あなた}, {君|きみ}, etc.)
- Third person ({彼|かれ}, {彼女|かのじょ}, etc.)
- Demonstratives (こ/そ/あ/ど series)
Groups That May Span Tiers
Some semantic groups naturally span tiers based on frequency:
Seasons: {春|はる}, {夏|なつ}, {秋|あき}, {冬|ふゆ} → likely basic or core (keep together)
But season-specific vocabulary (e.g., {紅葉|こうよう}, {梅雨|つゆ}) → may be general
Animals: Common animals ({犬|いぬ}, {猫|ねこ}, {鳥|とり}) → basic/core
Less common ({熊|くま}, {狼|おおかみ}, {鯨|くじら}) → general
Occupations: Very common ({先生|せんせい}, {医者|いしゃ}, {学生|がくせい}) → basic/core
Specialized ({弁護士|べんごし}, {会計士|かいけいし}) → core/general
Decision Criteria for Tier Assignment
Assign to BASIC if the word:
- Is needed in the first weeks/months of study
- Appears in virtually all beginner textbooks
- Is required for basic survival communication
- Is a core grammatical function word (particles, basic conjunctions)
- Is a high-frequency verb/adjective/noun used daily
- Belongs to a fundamental semantic set that should be learned as a unit
Assign to CORE if the word:
- Is needed for general adult communication
- Would be known by any educated Japanese speaker
- Appears regularly in newspapers, general media
- Is used in typical workplace or social situations
- Is an expansion of basic vocabulary (more specific verbs, more nuanced adjectives)
- Belongs to a semantic set appropriate for intermediate learners
Assign to GENERAL if the word:
- Is specialized, technical, or domain-specific
- Is low-frequency in everyday communication
- Is primarily written/literary language
- Is a term that even native speakers might not know without specific exposure
- Is an advanced or formal alternative to common words
- Cannot fit with its semantic group in the core tier due to space limits
Implementation Notes
Tier Realignment Complete (January 2026)
The vocabulary tier realignment project has been completed. The tiers are now fixed at:
- Basic: 795 entries (within 600-800 target)
- Core: 1,998 entries (within 1,600-2,000 target)
- General: 4,566+ entries (no limit)
All entries have been assigned a tier, and semantic groups are kept intact (no groups split across tiers).
For New Entries (IMPORTANT)
All new entries must be assigned to the "general" tier.
Do NOT assign new entries to basic or core tiers. The basic and core tiers have been curated to:
- Meet specific word count targets
- Maintain semantic group integrity
- Cover foundational and adult-communication vocabulary
When creating a new entry, always set:
"metadata": {
"vocabulary_tier": "general",
...
}
The only exception is if explicitly instructed by the user to adjust tier assignments.
For Existing Entries
The basic and core tiers are considered stable. If you need to revise an existing entry:
- Do NOT change its vocabulary_tier unless explicitly instructed
- Basic and core entries were carefully curated to maintain semantic group integrity
Schema Note
Vocabulary tier is stored in the metadata.vocabulary_tier field. Valid values are "basic", "core", or "general".
Examples of Tier Assignment
Example 1: Basic Tier Word
Word: {食べる|たべる} (to eat)
Decision: BASIC
- Needed from very first days of study
- Universal high-frequency action verb
- Part of daily actions verb group (eat, drink, sleep)
- Appears in all beginner textbooks
Example 2: Core Tier Word
Word: {提案|ていあん} (proposal, suggestion)
Decision: CORE
- Common in workplace/adult contexts
- Not survival vocabulary but expected of any working adult
- Used in meetings, discussions, business
- Not specialized—general adult vocabulary
Example 3: General Tier Word
Word: {判例|はんれい} (judicial precedent)
Decision: GENERAL
- Legal terminology
- Most adults wouldn't encounter this regularly
- Domain-specific (law)
- Not expected in general communication
Example 4: Applying Self-Containment
Scenario: Assigning the demonstrative series
The こ/そ/あ/ど demonstrative system:
- これ/それ/あれ/どれ (things)
- この/その/あの/どの (modifiers)
- ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ (places)
- こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら (direction/polite reference)
Decision: All 16 words → BASIC
Even though こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら are slightly less frequent, the demonstrative system is a coherent grammatical unit. Splitting it would create pedagogical confusion.
Example 5: Applying the Exclusion Corollary
Scenario: Core tier is at 1950 words. Considering adding prefecture names.
Japan has 47 prefectures. Adding even the most famous 5 would:
- Fragment the semantic group
- Leave learners with arbitrary partial knowledge
Decision: All prefecture names → GENERAL
A learner should either know all prefectures or learn them as needed. Partial knowledge of "the 5 most famous prefectures" is not pedagogically useful.
Quality Checklist for New Entries
Note: The decision criteria above (basic/core/general) are historical documentation of how the tiers were curated. They should NOT be used to assign new entries to basic or core tiers. All new entries go to general tier.
1---2name: vocabulary-tiers3description: Guidelines for assigning vocabulary to the three-tier system (basic, core, general). Covers tier criteria, word counts, self-containment principles, and semantic grouping.4---5
6# Vocabulary Tier System
7
8This dictionary uses a three-tier vocabulary classification system instead of JLPT levels. This approach provides a pedagogically coherent organization based on actual learner needs rather than test-preparation categories.
9
10---
11
12## Overview of the Three Tiers
13
14### Basic Tier (600-800 words)
15
16The most fundamental vocabulary that forms the foundation for any person learning Japanese, regardless of purpose.
17
18**Characteristics:**
19- Words needed from the very first days of study
20- High-frequency function words (particles, pronouns, basic conjunctions)
21- Essential verbs for daily actions (to be, to go, to eat, to see, etc.)
22- Core adjectives for basic description (big, small, good, bad, etc.)
23- Numbers, time expressions, and basic counters
24- Fundamental nouns (person, thing, place, time, etc.)
25- Basic question words (what, who, where, when, why, how)
26
27**Target learner:** Complete beginner through early intermediate. Someone who has studied for approximately 3-6 months should know most basic tier vocabulary.
28
29### Core Tier (1600-2000 words)
30
31Vocabulary expected to be known by any adult using Japanese for work, study, or social life.
32
33**Characteristics:**
34- Words needed for general adult communication
35- Common verbs for workplace and social contexts
36- Adjectives for nuanced description
37- Nouns for everyday life, common objects, and general concepts
38- Standard counters beyond the most basic ones
39- Conjunctions and transition words for coherent speech/writing
40- Words for expressing opinions, emotions, and abstract ideas
41
42**Target learner:** Intermediate learner through advanced. Someone actively using Japanese in professional or social contexts should know most core tier vocabulary.
43
44### General Tier (no word limit)
45
46All vocabulary not classified as basic or core.
47
48**Characteristics:**
49- Specialized or technical vocabulary
50- Less frequent words
51- Literary or archaic expressions
52- Domain-specific terminology
53- Regional or dialectal words
54- Formal/keigo vocabulary beyond common patterns
55- Words for specialized topics (science, law, medicine, etc.)
56
57**Target learner:** Advanced learners, specialists, or those with specific domain interests.
58
59---
60
61## The Self-Containment Principle
62
63**CRITICAL:** Both basic and core tiers must be as self-contained as possible for semantically and functionally similar terms.
64
65### What This Means
66
67If members of a natural semantic or functional group are included in a tier, **all members of that group should be in the same tier**. This prevents fragmented learning and ensures pedagogical coherence.
68
69### Examples of Self-Containment
70
71#### Numerals 1-10
72If {一|いち} is in basic, then ALL of these must be in basic:
73- {一|いち}, {二|に}, {三|さん}, {四|し/よん}, {五|ご}, {六|ろく}, {七|しち/なな}, {八|はち}, {九|く/きゅう}, {十|じゅう}
74
75You cannot have {一|いち} through {七|なな} in basic and {八|はち} through {十|じゅう} in core.
76
77#### Days of the Week
78If {月曜日|げつようび} is in a tier, all seven days must be in that same tier:
79- {月曜日|げつようび}, {火曜日|かようび}, {水曜日|すいようび}, {木曜日|もくようび}, {金曜日|きんようび}, {土曜日|どようび}, {日曜日|にちようび}
80
81#### Basic Color Terms
82The core color terms should stay together:
83- {赤|あか}, {青|あお}, {黄色|きいろ}, {白|しろ}, {黒|くろ}
84
85If these are in basic, extended colors like {紫|むらさき}, {灰色|はいいろ}, {茶色|ちゃいろ} might reasonably be in core.
86
87#### Family Terms
88Basic family terms should stay together:
89- {父|ちち}/{お父さん|おとうさん}, {母|はは}/{お母さん|おかあさん}, {兄|あに}/{お兄さん|おにいさん}, {姉|あね}/{お姉さん|おねえさん}, {弟|おとうと}, {妹|いもうと}
90
91#### Question Words
92Basic question words form a natural set:
93- {何|なに/なん}, {誰|だれ}, {どこ}, {いつ}, {なぜ}/{どうして}, {どう}, {どれ}, {どの}, {どちら}
94
95### The Exclusion Corollary
96
97**If a semantic group cannot fit entirely within a tier's word limit, move the entire group to a lower-priority tier.**
98
99#### Example: The 十二支 (Chinese Zodiac)
100If you are drafting the core vocabulary and approaching the 2000-word limit:
101- You have included {子|ね} (rat), {丑|うし} (ox), {寅|とら} (tiger) in core
102- But adding all 12 zodiac animals would exceed the limit
103- **Solution:** Remove all three and place all 十二支 in general tier
104
105This maintains the integrity of the semantic grouping. A learner in the core tier either knows all 12 zodiac animals or none—there's no awkward partial knowledge.
106
107#### Example: Specialized Counter Sets
108Counters for small animals ({匹|ひき}), flat objects ({枚|まい}), and long thin objects ({本|ほん}) might be core.
109
110But if you're near the limit and have only included 3 of 6 floor-counting counters ({階|かい}):
111- Either include all floor-related counters in core
112- Or move them all to general
113
114---
115
116## Semantic Groups Reference
117
118When assigning tiers, consider these natural groupings:
119
120### Groups That Should Stay Together
121
122**Time expressions:**
123- Days of week (7 items)
124- Months of year (12 items)
125- Hours ({一時|いちじ} through {十二時|じゅうにじ})
126- Time periods ({朝|あさ}, {昼|ひる}, {夕方|ゆうがた}, {夜|よる}, {夜中|よなか})
127- Relative time ({今日|きょう}, {明日|あした}, {昨日|きのう}, {今週|こんしゅう}, etc.)
128
129**Numbers:**
130- Cardinal 1-10 (10 items)
131- Cardinal 11-100 by tens (9 additional items)
132- Ordinal numbers ({一番|いちばん}, {二番|にばん}, etc.)
133
134**Basic counters:**
135- Generic ({つ} series: {一|ひと}つ through {十|とお})
136- People ({人|にん}: {一人|ひとり}, {二人|ふたり}, {三人|さんにん}...)
137- Small items ({個|こ})
138- Long thin objects ({本|ほん})
139- Flat objects ({枚|まい})
140
141**Direction/location:**
142- Basic directions ({上|うえ}, {下|した}, {右|みぎ}, {左|ひだり}, {前|まえ}, {後ろ|うしろ}, {中|なか}, {外|そと})
143- Cardinal directions ({北|きた}, {南|みなみ}, {東|ひがし}, {西|にし})
144
145**Body parts:**
146- Core set ({頭|あたま}, {顔|かお}, {目|め}, {耳|みみ}, {口|くち}, {鼻|はな}, {手|て}, {足|あし}, {体|からだ})
147
148**Family:**
149- Nuclear family terms (as listed above)
150- Extended family ({祖父|そふ}, {祖母|そぼ}, etc.) may be separate group
151
152**Basic verbs:**
153- Existence ({いる}, {ある})
154- Movement ({行く|いく}, {来る|くる}, {帰る|かえる}, {歩く|あるく}, {走る|はしる})
155- Daily actions ({食べる|たべる}, {飲む|のむ}, {寝る|ねる}, {起きる|おきる})
156- Communication ({言う|いう}, {話す|はなす}, {聞く|きく}, {読む|よむ}, {書く|かく})
157
158**Pronouns:**
159- First person ({私|わたし}, {僕|ぼく}, etc.)
160- Second person ({あなた}, {君|きみ}, etc.)
161- Third person ({彼|かれ}, {彼女|かのじょ}, etc.)
162- Demonstratives (こ/そ/あ/ど series)
163
164### Groups That May Span Tiers
165
166Some semantic groups naturally span tiers based on frequency:
167
168**Seasons:** {春|はる}, {夏|なつ}, {秋|あき}, {冬|ふゆ} → likely basic or core (keep together)
169But season-specific vocabulary (e.g., {紅葉|こうよう}, {梅雨|つゆ}) → may be general
170
171**Animals:** Common animals ({犬|いぬ}, {猫|ねこ}, {鳥|とり}) → basic/core
172Less common ({熊|くま}, {狼|おおかみ}, {鯨|くじら}) → general
173
174**Occupations:** Very common ({先生|せんせい}, {医者|いしゃ}, {学生|がくせい}) → basic/core
175Specialized ({弁護士|べんごし}, {会計士|かいけいし}) → core/general
176
177---
178
179## Decision Criteria for Tier Assignment
180
181### Assign to BASIC if the word:
182
1831. Is needed in the first weeks/months of study
1842. Appears in virtually all beginner textbooks
1853. Is required for basic survival communication
1864. Is a core grammatical function word (particles, basic conjunctions)
1875. Is a high-frequency verb/adjective/noun used daily
1886. Belongs to a fundamental semantic set that should be learned as a unit
189
190### Assign to CORE if the word:
191
1921. Is needed for general adult communication
1932. Would be known by any educated Japanese speaker
1943. Appears regularly in newspapers, general media
1954. Is used in typical workplace or social situations
1965. Is an expansion of basic vocabulary (more specific verbs, more nuanced adjectives)
1976. Belongs to a semantic set appropriate for intermediate learners
198
199### Assign to GENERAL if the word:
200
2011. Is specialized, technical, or domain-specific
2022. Is low-frequency in everyday communication
2033. Is primarily written/literary language
2044. Is a term that even native speakers might not know without specific exposure
2055. Is an advanced or formal alternative to common words
2066. Cannot fit with its semantic group in the core tier due to space limits
207
208---
209
210## Implementation Notes
211
212### Tier Realignment Complete (January 2026)
213
214The vocabulary tier realignment project has been completed. The tiers are now fixed at:
215- **Basic**: 795 entries (within 600-800 target)
216- **Core**: 1,998 entries (within 1,600-2,000 target)
217- **General**: 4,566+ entries (no limit)
218
219All entries have been assigned a tier, and semantic groups are kept intact (no groups split across tiers).
220
221### For New Entries (IMPORTANT)
222
223**All new entries must be assigned to the "general" tier.**
224
225Do NOT assign new entries to basic or core tiers. The basic and core tiers have been curated to:
226- Meet specific word count targets
227- Maintain semantic group integrity
228- Cover foundational and adult-communication vocabulary
229
230When creating a new entry, always set:
231```json
232"metadata": {
233 "vocabulary_tier": "general",
234 ...
235}
236```
237
238The only exception is if explicitly instructed by the user to adjust tier assignments.
239
240### For Existing Entries
241
242The basic and core tiers are considered stable. If you need to revise an existing entry:
243- **Do NOT change its vocabulary_tier** unless explicitly instructed
244- Basic and core entries were carefully curated to maintain semantic group integrity
245
246### Schema Note
247
248Vocabulary tier is stored in the `metadata.vocabulary_tier` field. Valid values are `"basic"`, `"core"`, or `"general"`.
249
250---
251
252## Examples of Tier Assignment
253
254### Example 1: Basic Tier Word
255
256**Word:** {食べる|たべる} (to eat)
257
258**Decision:** BASIC
259- Needed from very first days of study
260- Universal high-frequency action verb
261- Part of daily actions verb group (eat, drink, sleep)
262- Appears in all beginner textbooks
263
264### Example 2: Core Tier Word
265
266**Word:** {提案|ていあん} (proposal, suggestion)
267
268**Decision:** CORE
269- Common in workplace/adult contexts
270- Not survival vocabulary but expected of any working adult
271- Used in meetings, discussions, business
272- Not specialized—general adult vocabulary
273
274### Example 3: General Tier Word
275
276**Word:** {判例|はんれい} (judicial precedent)
277
278**Decision:** GENERAL
279- Legal terminology
280- Most adults wouldn't encounter this regularly
281- Domain-specific (law)
282- Not expected in general communication
283
284### Example 4: Applying Self-Containment
285
286**Scenario:** Assigning the demonstrative series
287
288The こ/そ/あ/ど demonstrative system:
289- これ/それ/あれ/どれ (things)
290- この/その/あの/どの (modifiers)
291- ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ (places)
292- こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら (direction/polite reference)
293
294**Decision:** All 16 words → BASIC
295
296Even though こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら are slightly less frequent, the demonstrative system is a coherent grammatical unit. Splitting it would create pedagogical confusion.
297
298### Example 5: Applying the Exclusion Corollary
299
300**Scenario:** Core tier is at 1950 words. Considering adding prefecture names.
301
302Japan has 47 prefectures. Adding even the most famous 5 would:
303- Fragment the semantic group
304- Leave learners with arbitrary partial knowledge
305
306**Decision:** All prefecture names → GENERAL
307
308A learner should either know all prefectures or learn them as needed. Partial knowledge of "the 5 most famous prefectures" is not pedagogically useful.
309
310---
311
312## Quality Checklist for New Entries
313
314- [ ] `vocabulary_tier` is set to `"general"` (required for all new entries)
315- [ ] Entry follows all other schema requirements
316
317**Note**: The decision criteria above (basic/core/general) are historical documentation of how the tiers were curated. They should NOT be used to assign new entries to basic or core tiers. All new entries go to general tier.
majiayu000