Create Pytests

What this skill does

Generates pytest test files for a Python codebase (or a targeted scope) that:

• Target 80% line coverage as a floor, prioritising public API surface, business logic, and error branches.
• Follow pytest naming conventions (test_*.py files, test_ prefix functions and methods, Test prefix classes).
• Use real implementations rather than mocked stubs wherever the real code is importable within the same process.
• Mark tests that require live external services with @pytest.mark.integration.
• Create or update pyproject.toml with the [tool.pytest.ini_options] block using --import-mode=importlib.
• Detect project layout (src/ vs flat) and configure accordingly.
• Output a Coverage Gap Report after the tests listing what is covered, what is skipped, and why each skip is justified.

When to use it

• User asks to "write tests", "generate pytest tests", "add test coverage", or "test this module/function".
• A new Python project has no tests/ directory and no pyproject.toml pytest configuration.
• A user wants to understand what is and is not covered after a test generation pass.
• User says "get me to 80% coverage" or "what's not tested?".

Do NOT use this skill for:

• Test strategy design — use the test-strategy skill instead.
• Acceptance or UAT test cases derived from user stories.
• TypeScript, JavaScript, or other non-Python projects.

Key concepts

Layout detection

Always prefer tests outside application code (tests/ at root). Do not create an init file in tests/ — it is not needed under importlib mode and causes import confusion.

Coverage target priority

Test in this order when 80% coverage is the target:

1. All public functions and methods — always cover these.
2. All error branches and exception paths — at least one failure case per public function.
3. Boundary values and edge cases — parametrize with zero, negative, empty, and type-mismatch inputs.
4. Private helpers (_name) — test indirectly through their public callers; mark skipped in the gap report.
5. CLI entrypoints (if __name__ == "__main__":) — note as manual test candidates; apply # pragma: no cover.
6. Tests requiring live databases or network — mark with @pytest.mark.integration; exclude from the 80% threshold.

What not to generate

• setup.py test or any pytest-runner invocation — deprecated and removed.
• Tests that mock.patch a real, in-process implementation — use the real class.
• Assertion-free tests that always pass regardless of the implementation.
• An init file inside tests/.

Instructions

Step 1 — Determine scope

Read the user's request:

• No scope given — whole codebase. Walk the source tree and identify all Python modules.
• File given — test that file only; still produce a gap report for it.
• Module given — test the whole module.
• Function given — write focused tests for that function; note what is out of scope.

For a large codebase, list the files to be created and ask for confirmation before generating.

Step 2 — Detect layout

Check for the presence of:

1. A src/ directory at the project root → src/ layout.
2. A package directory at root (contains an init file) → flat layout.
3. An existing tests/ directory → confirm placement; use it.
4. An existing pyproject.toml → read [tool.pytest.ini_options] before updating.

Step 3 — Generate or update pyproject.toml

If pyproject.toml does not exist, create it. If it exists but has no [tool.pytest.ini_options] section, add only that section. Never overwrite an existing [project] block.

Required minimum:

[build-system]
requires = ["hatchling"]
build-backend = "hatchling.build"

[project]
name = "PACKAGENAME"
version = "PACKAGEVERSION"

[tool.pytest.ini_options]
addopts = ["--import-mode=importlib"]
testpaths = ["tests"]
markers = [
  "integration: tests that require live external services (deselect with '-m not integration')",
]

Replace PACKAGENAME with the detected package name and PACKAGEVERSION with "0.1.0" if none exists.

Step 4 — Generate test files

For each module in scope:

1. Read the source file to identify all public classes, methods, and functions.
2. Write a tests/test_<module>.py file.
3. Cover the happy path for every public function.
4. Cover at least one error path or edge case per function.
5. Mark tests that call live external services with @pytest.mark.integration.
6. For private functions (_name), do NOT write direct tests — test them indirectly through their callers.
7. Use @pytest.mark.parametrize when multiple inputs test the same logic.
8. Use pytest.raises(ExceptionType, match="pattern") for all exception cases — never omit match=.

Enforce these naming rules:

• Files: test_<module>.py (preferred) or <module>_test.py
• Functions: test_<what_it_tests>
• Classes: TestClassName (PascalCase, Test prefix, no init method)
• No init file in tests/

Step 5 — Output the Coverage Gap Report

After the test files, always output a ## Coverage Gap Report section:

## Coverage Gap Report

### Covered

| Module | Items tested | Test file |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `src/mypkg/app.py` | `create_app`, all routes, 404 handler | `tests/test_app.py` |
| `src/mypkg/models.py` | `Item` init, `to_dict`, `from_dict` (valid + invalid), `save` | `tests/test_models.py` |

### Skipped

| Module | Item | Reason |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `src/mypkg/app.py` | `_configure_logging()` | Private helper — exercised indirectly via every `create_app()` call |
| `src/mypkg/app.py` | `if __name__ == "__main__":` | CLI entrypoint — `# pragma: no cover` applied |

### Estimated coverage

| Module | Estimated line coverage | At 80% target? |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `app.py` | ~87% | Yes |
| `models.py` | ~93% | Yes |

Output format

For each run the skill produces:

1. pyproject.toml — created or updated with [tool.pytest.ini_options].
2. Test files — one per module (or one per targeted scope), with full pytest-compliant content.
3. Coverage Gap Report — inline in the response, in the format above.

When generating for a whole codebase, list all files to be created before generating them.

Examples

Example 1 — Whole codebase, no prior tests

Input: "Write pytest tests for my Flask API project."

Steps the skill takes:

• Detects src/flaskapi/ layout.
• Creates pyproject.toml with hatchling backend and --import-mode=importlib.
• Creates tests/test_app.py covering all public routes (happy path, 404, validation errors).
• Creates tests/test_models.py covering all Item methods including save.
• Marks any tests calling real external services with @pytest.mark.integration.
• Outputs a Coverage Gap Report noting _configure_logging skipped as a private helper.

Example 2 — Scoped to a single function

Input: "Write tests for the parse_date function in utils.py."

Steps the skill takes:

• Writes tests/test_utils.py covering: valid ISO date string, invalid format raises ValueError, empty string raises ValueError, timezone-aware input, leap year boundary.
• Coverage Gap Report notes all other functions in utils.py are out of scope.

Example 3 — Existing pyproject.toml, missing pytest config

Input: "Add pytest config — I already have a pyproject.toml."

Steps the skill takes:

• Reads existing pyproject.toml.
• Merges only the [tool.pytest.ini_options] block with addopts = ["--import-mode=importlib"].
• Does not overwrite [project], [build-system], or any other existing section.
• Confirms the merged result.

Notes

• Always use --import-mode=importlib. It avoids sys.path manipulation and will become the default in a future pytest major version. See references/test-layout.md.
• No init file in tests/. Under importlib mode it is not needed, and adding one causes import confusion.
• When the real implementation is available and in-process, do not mock it. Mocking real classes tests the mock, not the system.
• @pytest.mark.integration tests go in the same test files as unit tests but are excluded from the default run with -m "not integration". Declare the marker in [tool.pytest.ini_options].
• This skill pairs with test-strategy (define what to test before generating) and code-review (review generated tests for correctness and quality).
• Reference files: references/project-setup.md, references/test-layout.md, references/pytest-config.md, references/discovery-conventions.md, references/coverage-and-quality.md.