1---2name: tech-matrix3description: Reference document for monopoly tech-matrix.4---56# MONOPOLY — Technology Decision Matrix78## When to Use9- Use this skill when the task matches this description: Reference document for monopoly tech-matrix.1011## Table of Contents121. Database Selection132. Cache Selection143. Message Queue / Event Streaming154. API Protocol165. Search Engine176. Object Storage187. Container Orchestration198. Load Balancer209. Observability Stack2110. CDN2223---2425## 1. Database Selection2627### Relational (SQL)2829| Database | Best For | Avoid When | Scale Ceiling |30|----------|----------|------------|---------------|31| **PostgreSQL** | Complex queries, JSONB, GIS, strong consistency, most default use cases | Ultra-high write throughput (>100K writes/s) | ~10TB single node; use Citus for horizontal |32| **MySQL / MariaDB** | Read-heavy apps, legacy systems, WordPress/Drupal ecosystem | Complex queries, full ACID at scale | ~10TB; use Vitess for sharding |33| **CockroachDB** | Global distributed SQL, geo-partitioning, multi-region | Simple single-region apps (overkill) | Petabyte-scale |34| **PlanetScale** | MySQL-compatible, serverless, branch-based workflow | Complex JOINs (foreign keys removed by design) | Very high — Vitess based |35| **Amazon Aurora** | AWS-native apps, managed PostgreSQL/MySQL, high availability | Non-AWS environments | Up to 128TB, 15 replicas |3637### NoSQL3839| Database | Best For | Avoid When | Scale Ceiling |40|----------|----------|------------|---------------|41| **MongoDB** | Flexible schema, document model, prototyping | Financial transactions requiring ACID | Petabyte-scale with sharding |42| **DynamoDB** | Key-value at massive scale, AWS-native, serverless, predictable latency | Complex queries, ad-hoc analytics, JOINs | Unlimited (AWS-managed) |43| **Cassandra** | Write-heavy, time-series, wide-column, geographically distributed | Read-heavy with complex queries | Petabyte-scale; used at Apple, Netflix |44| **Redis** | Cache, sessions, leaderboards, pub/sub, rate limiting | Primary data store for complex models | ~1TB per node; cluster for more |45| **Elasticsearch** | Full-text search, log aggregation, analytics | Primary database (durability risk) | Petabyte-scale with clusters |46| **InfluxDB** | Time-series metrics, IoT, monitoring data | General-purpose data | Very high write throughput |47| **Neo4j** | Graph data, social networks, recommendation engines, fraud detection | Non-graph data (overhead not worth it) | Billions of nodes |4849### Decision Framework5051```52Is your data relational (joins, foreign keys, transactions)?53 YES → Start with PostgreSQL54 NO → Continue below5556Is your primary access pattern key-value?57 YES, need extreme scale → DynamoDB or Cassandra58 YES, need speed/cache → Redis5960Is your data document-shaped (nested, flexible schema)?61 YES → MongoDB6263Is it time-series (metrics, logs, IoT)?64 YES → InfluxDB or TimescaleDB6566Is it graph (relationships are the data)?67 YES → Neo4j6869Is it search?70 YES → Elasticsearch / OpenSearch71```7273---7475## 2. Cache Selection7677| Technology | Best For | Max Single Node | Cluster Support |78|------------|----------|----------------|----------------|79| **Redis** | Sessions, leaderboards, pub/sub, complex data structures, Lua scripting | ~1TB RAM | Yes (Redis Cluster, Redis Sentinel) |80| **Memcached** | Simple key-value, multi-threaded, large object cache | ~64GB RAM | Yes (client-side sharding) |81| **Varnish** | HTTP reverse proxy cache, full-page caching | RAM bound | Limited |82| **CloudFront / CDN** | Static assets, edge caching globally | N/A (distributed) | Built-in global distribution |8384**Default recommendation: Redis** — more features, better ecosystem, active development.8586Use **Memcached** only when: you need multi-threading for CPU-bound caching workloads and don't need data structures beyond string.8788---8990## 3. Message Queue / Event Streaming9192| Technology | Model | Best For | Throughput | Retention |93|------------|-------|----------|------------|-----------|94| **Apache Kafka** | Log-based streaming | Event sourcing, high-throughput pipelines, replay, audit | Millions msg/s | Days to forever |95| **RabbitMQ** | AMQP message broker | Task queues, RPC, routing, fanout | 50K–100K msg/s | Until consumed |96| **AWS SQS** | Managed queue | AWS-native, simple task queue, serverless | Very high (managed) | Up to 14 days |97| **AWS SNS** | Pub/sub notification | Fan-out to many subscribers (email, SMS, Lambda, SQS) | Very high (managed) | No retention |98| **Google Pub/Sub** | Managed streaming | GCP-native, global, serverless | Very high (managed) | Up to 7 days |99| **Redis Pub/Sub** | In-memory pub/sub | Real-time notifications, low latency, fire-and-forget | Very high | None (no retention) |100| **NATS** | Lightweight messaging | IoT, microservices, low latency | Very high | JetStream adds retention |101102### Decision Matrix103104```105Need event replay / audit trail?106 YES → Kafka or Kinesis107108Need simple task queue with retries and DLQ?109 AWS shop → SQS110 Self-hosted → RabbitMQ111112Need real-time pub/sub with no persistence?113 Redis Pub/Sub or NATS114115Need fan-out to multiple consumers?116 Kafka (consumer groups) or SNS → SQS fan-out117118Need < 5 minutes guaranteed delivery, AWS-native, zero ops?119 SQS120121Volume > 1 million messages/second?122 Kafka (self-hosted) or Kinesis (managed)123```124125---126127## 4. API Protocol128129| Protocol | Best For | Avoid When |130|----------|----------|------------|131| **REST (HTTP/JSON)** | Public APIs, CRUD, browser clients, simplicity | Strict typing required; high-performance internal services |132| **GraphQL** | Complex client data requirements, mobile (reduce over-fetching), BFF pattern | Simple CRUD; not worth the complexity |133| **gRPC (HTTP/2 + Protobuf)** | Internal microservice communication, low latency, strict contracts, streaming | Public browser APIs (needs gRPC-web) |134| **WebSocket** | Real-time bidirectional (chat, live dashboards, multiplayer games) | One-way server push (use SSE instead) |135| **SSE (Server-Sent Events)** | Server → client push (notifications, live feeds) | Bidirectional communication |136| **GraphQL Subscriptions** | Real-time with GraphQL schema consistency | Simple push scenarios |137138**Default recommendation:**139- External / public: **REST**140- Internal service-to-service: **gRPC**141- Real-time features: **WebSocket** or **SSE**142143---144145## 5. Search Engine146147| Technology | Best For | Avoid When |148|------------|----------|------------|149| **Elasticsearch** | Full-text search, log analytics (ELK), complex aggregations | Simple lookups; operational overhead is high |150| **OpenSearch** | AWS-native Elasticsearch alternative | Non-AWS preferred setups |151| **Typesense** | Simple, fast full-text search, typo tolerance, easy ops | Complex aggregations at massive scale |152| **Algolia** | Managed search-as-a-service, fast setup, great UI | High volume (expensive); self-hosted preference |153| **Meilisearch** | Self-hosted, developer-friendly, fast relevancy | Enterprise-scale analytics |154| **PostgreSQL FTS** | Basic full-text search, already using PostgreSQL | High relevancy requirements or large datasets |155156**Rule of thumb:** Use PostgreSQL FTS under 1M documents. Move to Typesense or Elasticsearch above that.157158---159160## 6. Object Storage161162| Service | Best For | Egress Cost |163|---------|----------|------------|164| **AWS S3** | AWS-native apps, de facto standard, massive ecosystem | $0.09/GB (expensive) |165| **Cloudflare R2** | S3-compatible, **zero egress cost**, global | $0.00 egress |166| **GCS** | GCP-native | $0.12/GB |167| **Azure Blob** | Azure-native | $0.087/GB |168| **Backblaze B2** | Cost-sensitive, S3-compatible | Free with Cloudflare |169| **MinIO** | Self-hosted S3-compatible | Self-managed |170171**Cost optimization tip:** Use **Cloudflare R2** for user-facing media delivery (zero egress). Use **S3** for internal/AWS-integrated storage.172173---174175## 7. Container Orchestration176177| Technology | Best For | Avoid When |178|------------|----------|------------|179| **Kubernetes (K8s)** | Large teams, complex deployments, multi-cloud, full control | Small teams (ops overhead is very high) |180| **AWS ECS + Fargate** | AWS-native, serverless containers, simpler than K8s | Multi-cloud or K8s ecosystem tools needed |181| **AWS EKS** | Managed K8s on AWS, best of both | Small teams; Fargate may be enough |182| **GKE (Google)** | Best managed K8s, GCP-native, Autopilot mode | Non-GCP environments |183| **Docker Compose** | Local dev, small single-server deployments | Production at any meaningful scale |184| **Nomad** | HashiCorp ecosystem, simpler than K8s, multi-workload | K8s ecosystem tools required |185186**Startup default:** ECS + Fargate (zero cluster management).187**Scale default:** EKS or GKE once team > 5 engineers or services > 10.188189---190191## 8. Load Balancer192193| Technology | Layer | Best For |194|------------|-------|----------|195| **AWS ALB** | L7 (HTTP/HTTPS) | AWS apps, path-based routing, WebSocket, HTTP/2 |196| **AWS NLB** | L4 (TCP/UDP) | Ultra-low latency, static IP, non-HTTP protocols |197| **GCP GLB** | L7 global | GCP apps, global anycast, single IP worldwide |198| **Nginx** | L4/L7 | Self-hosted, reverse proxy, flexible config |199| **HAProxy** | L4/L7 | High performance self-hosted, advanced routing |200| **Cloudflare** | L7 global + DDoS | DDoS protection + CDN + load balancing combined |201| **Traefik** | L7 | Kubernetes-native, automatic SSL, service discovery |202203---204205## 9. Observability Stack206207### Metrics208| Tool | Best For |209|------|----------|210| **Prometheus + Grafana** | Self-hosted, open-source, Kubernetes-native |211| **Datadog** | Managed, APM + infra + logs unified, expensive |212| **CloudWatch** | AWS-native, zero setup, integrated with AWS services |213| **New Relic** | APM-focused, good for application-level insights |214215### Logging216| Tool | Best For |217|------|----------|218| **ELK Stack** (Elasticsearch + Logstash + Kibana) | Self-hosted, powerful, high volume |219| **Loki + Grafana** | Lightweight, Kubernetes-native, cheap |220| **Splunk** | Enterprise, compliance, expensive |221| **AWS CloudWatch Logs** | AWS-native, zero setup |222| **Datadog Logs** | Unified with metrics, expensive |223224### Distributed Tracing225| Tool | Best For |226|------|----------|227| **Jaeger** | Open-source, Kubernetes-native, OpenTelemetry |228| **Zipkin** | Simple, lightweight, good integrations |229| **AWS X-Ray** | AWS-native, integrates with Lambda, ECS |230| **Datadog APM** | Managed, unified with metrics and logs |231| **Honeycomb** | High-cardinality event-based observability |232233**Recommended open-source stack:** Prometheus + Grafana + Loki + Jaeger (all integrate via OpenTelemetry)234**Recommended managed stack:** Datadog (expensive but unified) or Grafana Cloud235236---237238## 10. CDN239240| Technology | Best For | Edge Locations |241|------------|----------|----------------|242| **Cloudflare** | DDoS protection + CDN + DNS, best free tier, edge workers | 300+ |243| **AWS CloudFront** | AWS-native, deep S3 and API GW integration | 450+ |244| **Akamai** | Enterprise, highest performance, expensive | 4000+ |245| **Fastly** | Real-time purging, streaming, VCL customization | 90+ |246| **Vercel Edge / Netlify** | Jamstack, frontend-first, zero config | 100+ |247248**Default recommendation:** Cloudflare for most use cases (best value, DDoS included, free SSL, Workers for edge compute).249250---251252## Scale Benchmarks Quick Reference253254| Technology | Write Throughput | Read Throughput | Notes |255|------------|-----------------|----------------|-------|256| PostgreSQL (single) | ~10K writes/s | ~50K reads/s | With connection pooling |257| PostgreSQL (replicas) | ~10K writes/s | ~200K reads/s | 4 replicas |258| MySQL (single) | ~15K writes/s | ~60K reads/s | |259| Cassandra | ~1M writes/s | ~500K reads/s | 10-node cluster |260| Redis | ~1M ops/s | ~1M ops/s | Single node in-memory |261| Kafka | ~1M msgs/s | ~1M msgs/s | Per partition |262| Elasticsearch | ~50K docs/s | ~10K queries/s | Per node |263| MongoDB | ~50K writes/s | ~100K reads/s | Per replica set |264265*All benchmarks are approximate and depend heavily on hardware, payload size, and query complexity.*266267268## Limitations269- This is a reference document and may not cover all edge cases. Always verify architectures before production.
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