Docker Expert

Docker Expert

Small, reproducible, non-root, cache-friendly. Order layers from least- to most-changing, build in one stage and ship artifacts from another, and never bake secrets into the image.

When to Use

• Writing or optimizing a Dockerfile.
• Reducing image size, speeding builds, or fixing cache busting.
• Multi-service local dev with Compose.
• Container networking, volumes, signals, or startup issues.

When NOT to Use

• Cluster orchestration, scaling, rollouts, probes → kubernetes-expert.
• The app code itself → the relevant language skill.
• CI pipeline YAML → github-master.

Core Principles

1. Small & secure base

• Minimal, pinned bases: node:22.4-slim, python:3.12-slim, Alpine, or distroless for runtime. Never :latest (non-reproducible).
• Run as a non-root user (USER). Copy only what's needed; add a .dockerignore (.git, node_modules, build output, secrets) to shrink the build context and avoid leaking files.

2. Cache-efficient layers

• Order instructions least- → most-frequently-changing. Copy dependency manifests and install before copying source, so editing code doesn't bust the dependency layer.
• Combine related RUN steps and clean caches in the same layer (apt-get … && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*) — a separate cleanup layer doesn't shrink the image.
• Use BuildKit cache mounts (RUN --mount=type=cache) for package managers; pass secrets via --mount=type=secret, never ARG/ENV.

3. Multi-stage builds

• Heavy build/compile stage → copy only artifacts into a lean runtime stage. Drops compilers, dev deps, and source from the final image (often 5–20× smaller).

4. Correct runtime

• One concern per container. Use exec-form CMD/ENTRYPOINT (["node","server.js"]) so signals (SIGTERM) reach the process for graceful shutdown; add --init or tini if your process doesn't reap children.
• Add a HEALTHCHECK. Configure via env; persist data in volumes, not the writable layer.

Common Mistakes

• COPY . . before installing deps → every code change reinstalls everything.
• :latest / unpinned bases → irreproducible builds.
• Secrets in ARG/ENV or layers → baked into history; use build secrets / runtime env.
• Cleanup in a separate RUN → image doesn't shrink (layers are additive).
• Running as root → larger blast radius; add a non-root USER.
• Shell-form CMD → PID 1 is the shell, signals don't propagate; container won't shut down cleanly.
• No .dockerignore → huge build context, slow builds, leaked files.

Examples

Multi-stage Node image, cache-friendly, non-root

# ---- build ----
FROM node:22-slim AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm npm ci   # cached unless manifests change
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# ---- runtime ----
FROM node:22-slim
WORKDIR /app
ENV NODE_ENV=production
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --omit=dev && npm cache clean --force
COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
USER node
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s CMD node -e "fetch('http://localhost:3000/health').then(r=>process.exit(r.ok?0:1)).catch(()=>process.exit(1))"
CMD ["node", "dist/server.js"]

See Also

• kubernetes-expert — deploying these images with probes and resources.
• nodejs-backend-expert / go-expert — the services you containerize.
• security-expert — image scanning and supply-chain safety.
• github-master — building/pushing images in CI.