Agents Sdk Dotnet

Overview

The Microsoft 365 Agents SDK builds multichannel agents for Teams, Copilot Studio, and web chat.

Minimal project requires only: Microsoft.Agents.Hosting.AspNetCore + Microsoft.Agents.Authentication.Msal. The others are transitive dependencies pulled in automatically.

Always use the latest non-beta (stable) version. Do not use --prerelease unless specifically needed.

Requires .NET 8+.

Azure Resources Required

Microsoft Entra App Registration

• ClientId — Application (client) ID
• ClientSecret — Certificates & secrets
• TenantId — Directory (tenant) ID

Azure Bot Resource

• Messaging endpoint: https://<your-host>/api/messages
• Microsoft App ID must match ClientId

Local dev: Set TokenValidation:Enabled to false. No Azure Bot needed until deployment.

Configuration (appsettings.json)

Single connection (most common)

appsettings.json — no secret here (safe to commit):

{
  "Connections": {
    "ServiceConnection": {
      "Settings": {
        "AuthType": "ClientSecret",
        "AuthorityEndpoint": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/<tenantId>",
        "ClientId": "<appId>",
        "Scopes": ["https://api.botframework.com/.default"]
      }
    }
  },
  "ConnectionsMap": [
    {
      "ServiceUrl": "*",
      "Connection": "ServiceConnection"
    }
  ],
  "TokenValidation": {
    "Enabled": true,
    "Audiences": ["<appId>"],
    "TenantId": "<tenantId>"
  }
}

appsettings.Development.json — secret lives here (excluded via .gitignore):

{
  "Connections": {
    "ServiceConnection": {
      "Settings": {
        "ClientSecret": "<secret>"
      }
    }
  },
  "TokenValidation": {
    "Enabled": false
  }
}

How ConnectionsMap works

Each entry maps a ServiceUrl pattern to a named connection. The first matching entry wins.

• ServiceUrl: "*" — matches any service URL (use as the default/fallback)
• Other values are treated as regex patterns

Multiple connections (different identities per channel)

{
  "Connections": {
    "MainConn": {
      "Settings": {
        "AuthType": "ClientSecret",
        "AuthorityEndpoint": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/<tenantId>",
        "ClientId": "<app-id-1>",
        "ClientSecret": "<secret-1>",
        "Scopes": ["https://api.botframework.com/.default"]
      }
    },
    "TeamsConn": {
      "Settings": {
        "AuthType": "ClientSecret",
        "AuthorityEndpoint": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/<tenantId>",
        "ClientId": "<app-id-2>",
        "ClientSecret": "<secret-2>",
        "Scopes": ["https://api.botframework.com/.default"]
      }
    }
  },
  "ConnectionsMap": [
    {
      "ServiceUrl": "https://smba.trafficmanager.net/.*",
      "Connection": "TeamsConn"
    },
    {
      "ServiceUrl": "*",
      "Connection": "MainConn"
    }
  ]
}

Auth type variants

UserManagedIdentity (no secret, Azure-hosted only):

{
  "Connections": {
    "ServiceConnection": {
      "Settings": {
        "AuthType": "UserManagedIdentity",
        "ClientId": "<msi-clientId>",
        "Scopes": ["https://api.botframework.com/.default"]
      }
    }
  }
}

FederatedCredentials (no secret, App Registration + MSI):

{
  "Connections": {
    "ServiceConnection": {
      "Settings": {
        "AuthType": "FederatedCredentials",
        "AuthorityEndpoint": "https://login.microsoftonline.com/<tenantId>",
        "ClientId": "<appId>",
        "FederatedClientId": "<msi-clientId>",
        "Scopes": ["https://api.botframework.com/.default"]
      }
    }
  }
}

Available connection settings fields

AuthType, AuthorityEndpoint, ClientId, ClientSecret, TenantId, FederatedClientId, Scopes, CertificateSubject, CertificateThumbprint

Local development (disable token validation)

Put in appsettings.Development.json (not appsettings.json):

{
  "TokenValidation": {
    "Enabled": false
  }
}

Quick Start

Prerequisite: Copy AspNetExtensions.cs into your project. This provides AddAgentAspNetAuthentication for JWT token validation.

Program.cs:

using Microsoft.Agents.Hosting.AspNetCore;
using Microsoft.Agents.Storage;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddHttpClient();
builder.AddAgent<MyAgent>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IStorage, MemoryStorage>();
builder.Services.AddAgentAspNetAuthentication(builder.Configuration);

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.MapAgentRootEndpoint();
app.MapAgentApplicationEndpoints(requireAuth: !app.Environment.IsDevelopment());

app.Run();

MyAgent.cs — put the AgentApplication subclass in its own file (see AgentApplication Patterns below for routing, state, and auth examples).

Properties/launchSettings.json:

{
  "profiles": {
    "MyAgent": {
      "commandName": "Project",
      "launchBrowser": false,
      "environmentVariables": {
        "ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT": "Development"
      },
      "applicationUrl": "https://localhost:3979;http://localhost:3978"
    }
  }
}

Run: dotnet run

.gitignore — ensure appsettings.Development.json is excluded (it contains secrets):

appsettings.Development.json

Teams app manifest (if targeting Teams): Copy the appManifest/ folder from Agents-for-net/src/samples/EmptyAgent/appManifest into your project. Then update manifest.json:

• Replace all ${{AAD_APP_CLIENT_ID}} with your bot's Client ID
• Set name.short and name.full to your bot's display name

Program.cs Structure

Minimal setup

using Microsoft.Agents.Hosting.AspNetCore;
using Microsoft.Agents.Storage;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);

builder.Services.AddHttpClient();
builder.AddAgent<MyAgent>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IStorage, MemoryStorage>();
builder.Services.AddAgentAspNetAuthentication(builder.Configuration);

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.MapAgentRootEndpoint();
app.MapAgentApplicationEndpoints(requireAuth: !app.Environment.IsDevelopment());

app.Run();

With proactive messaging endpoints

app.MapAgentProactiveEndpoints<MyAgent>(requireAuth: !app.Environment.IsDevelopment());

With custom routes

var app = builder.Build();

app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.MapAgentRootEndpoint();
app.MapAgentApplicationEndpoints(requireAuth: !app.Environment.IsDevelopment());
app.MapGet("/health", () => Results.Json(new { ok = true }));

app.Run();

Agent class decorators

[Agent(name: "MyAgent", description: "A helpful agent", version: "1.0")]
[AgentInterface(protocol: AgentTransportProtocol.ActivityProtocol, path: "/api/messages")]
public class MyAgent : AgentApplication
{
    // ...
}

Important: AddAgent vs AddAgentApplicationOptions

• builder.AddAgent<T>() — registers the agent class. Always required.
• Do not call AddAgentApplicationOptions() separately unless you have a specific reason — AddAgent handles it.

Important: MapAgentEndpoints vs MapAgentApplicationEndpoints

• MapAgentApplicationEndpoints — for AgentApplication subclasses (modern pattern)
• MapAgentEndpoints — for ActivityHandler / TeamsActivityHandler compat layer bots

Using the wrong one causes runtime routing failures with no clear error.

Validating Your Configuration

1. Validate bot credentials (ClientId / ClientSecret / TenantId)

curl -s -X POST \
  "https://login.microsoftonline.com/$tenantId/oauth2/v2.0/token" \
  -d "grant_type=client_credentials\
&client_id=$clientId\
&client_secret=$clientSecret\
&scope=https://api.botframework.com/.default" \
  | jq '{token_type, expires_in, error, error_description}'

Common errors:

• AADSTS700016 — ClientId not found in tenant (wrong ID or wrong tenant)
• AADSTS7000215 — invalid ClientSecret (expired or incorrect)
• AADSTS90002 — TenantId not found

2. Validate the agent is running and reachable

curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" \
  -X POST http://localhost:3978/api/messages \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{}'

• 401 — agent is running; JWT auth rejected the empty request (expected)
• 000 or connection refused — agent is not running or wrong port
• 200 — agent is running with auth disabled (local dev with TokenValidation:Enabled = false)

3. Validate an OAuth connection name

OAuth connection names can only be tested end-to-end via:

Azure Portal → Your Bot Resource → Settings → OAuth Connection Settings → [your connection] → Test Connection

Local Testing with Agents Playground

The Agents Playground lets you test locally without deploying to Azure.

Install:

npm install -g agentsplayground

Run against an anonymous agent:

agentsplayground -c emulator

Then start your agent separately with dotnet run.

With authentication:

agentsplayground -c msteams \
  --client-id <your-app-id> \
  --client-secret <your-secret> \
  --tenant-id <your-tenant-id>

Channel options (-c): msteams, webchat, directline, emulator, agents

If the playground connects but messages don't get responses, add a fallback handler to confirm:

OnActivity(ActivityTypes.Message, async (ctx, state, ct) =>
{
    await ctx.SendActivityAsync($"Echo: {ctx.Activity.Text}", cancellationToken: ct);
}, rank: RouteRank.Last);

AgentApplication Patterns

Routing

OnMessage("/cmd", handler);                                         // exact command
OnActivity(ActivityTypes.Message, handler, rank: RouteRank.Last);   // all messages (fallback)
OnConversationUpdate(ConversationUpdateEvents.MembersAdded, handler);
OnActivity(ActivityTypes.Invoke, handler);

Per-route auth:

OnMessage("-me", OnMe, autoSignInHandlers: ["me"]);

TurnState — dot-notation keys scoped to conversation/user/temp:

int count = state.GetValue("conversation.counter", () => 0);
state.SetValue("conversation.counter", count + 1);
state.DeleteValue("conversation.counter");

Storage backends

Authorization (User Token Flow)

Configuration in appsettings.json

{
  "AgentApplication": {
    "UserAuthorization": {
      "DefaultHandlerName": "graph",
      "AutoSignin": true,
      "Handlers": {
        "graph": {
          "Settings": {
            "AzureBotOAuthConnectionName": "GraphOAuthConnection",
            "Title": "Sign in with Microsoft",
            "Text": "Please sign in to continue"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Code patterns

public class MyAgent : AgentApplication
{
    public MyAgent(AgentApplicationOptions options) : base(options)
    {
        // Handle sign-in failure
        UserAuthorization.OnUserSignInFailure(
            async (ctx, state, handler, response, activity, ct) =>
            {
                await ctx.SendActivityAsync($"Sign-in failed: {response.Error?.Message}", cancellationToken: ct);
            });

        // Protected route — requires sign-in via "graph" handler
        OnMessage("-profile", OnProfileAsync, autoSignInHandlers: ["graph"]);

        // Fallback message handler
        OnActivity(ActivityTypes.Message, OnMessageAsync, rank: RouteRank.Last);

        // Sign out
        OnMessage("/logout", OnLogoutAsync);
    }

    private async Task OnProfileAsync(ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // Token is guaranteed here — route won't run until user is signed in
        string token = await UserAuthorization.GetTurnTokenAsync(ctx, "graph");
        // Use token to call Graph API
    }

    private async Task OnLogoutAsync(ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        await UserAuthorization.SignOutUserAsync(ctx, state, cancellationToken: ct);
        await ctx.SendActivityAsync("Signed out.", cancellationToken: ct);
    }
}

OBO (on-behalf-of) — exchange user token for a downstream service token:

string newToken = await UserAuthorization.ExchangeTurnTokenAsync(
    ctx,
    "graph",
    exchangeScopes: ["https://graph.microsoft.com/.default"]
);

Multiple OAuth handlers

{
  "AgentApplication": {
    "UserAuthorization": {
      "DefaultHandlerName": "auto",
      "AutoSignin": true,
      "Handlers": {
        "auto": {
          "Settings": {
            "AzureBotOAuthConnectionName": "AutoConnection"
          }
        },
        "me": {
          "Settings": {
            "AzureBotOAuthConnectionName": "MeConnection"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Cards

using Microsoft.Agents.Core.Models;
using System.Text.Json;

Adaptive Card (from JSON):

string cardJson = File.ReadAllText("Resources/myCard.json");
var card = new Attachment
{
    ContentType = ContentTypes.AdaptiveCard,
    Content = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<object>(cardJson)
};
await ctx.SendActivityAsync(MessageFactory.Attachment(card), cancellationToken: ct);

Hero Card:

var card = new HeroCard
{
    Title = "Card Title",
    Images = new List<CardImage> { new CardImage("https://example.com/image.jpg") },
    Buttons = new List<CardAction>
    {
        new CardAction(ActionTypes.OpenUrl, "Learn more", value: "https://example.com")
    }
};
await ctx.SendActivityAsync(MessageFactory.Attachment(card.ToAttachment()), cancellationToken: ct);

Adaptive Card Action Execute:

public MyAgent(AgentApplicationOptions options) : base(options)
{
    AdaptiveCards.OnActionExecute("approve", OnApproveAsync);
    AdaptiveCards.OnActionExecute("reject", OnRejectAsync);
}

private Task<AdaptiveCardInvokeResponse> OnApproveAsync(
    ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, object data, CancellationToken ct)
{
    var actionData = ProtocolJsonSerializer.ToObject<MyDataModel>(data);
    return Task.FromResult(new AdaptiveCardInvokeResponse
    {
        StatusCode = 200,
        Type = "application/vnd.microsoft.card.adaptive",
        Value = BuildCard(actionData)
    });
}

Adaptive Card Search (typeahead):

AdaptiveCards.OnSearch("myDataset", OnSearchAsync);

private Task<IList<AdaptiveCardsSearchResult>> OnSearchAsync(
    ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, Query<AdaptiveCardsSearchParams> query, CancellationToken ct)
{
    var results = new List<AdaptiveCardsSearchResult>
    {
        new AdaptiveCardsSearchResult("Result 1", "value1")
    };
    return Task.FromResult<IList<AdaptiveCardsSearchResult>>(results);
}

Streaming

private async Task OnMessageAsync(ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, CancellationToken ct)
{
    try
    {
        ctx.StreamingResponse.SetFeedbackLoop(true);
        ctx.StreamingResponse.SetGeneratedByAILabel(true);
        await ctx.StreamingResponse.QueueInformativeUpdateAsync("Working on it...", ct);
        ctx.StreamingResponse.QueueTextChunk("Part 1 ");
        ctx.StreamingResponse.QueueTextChunk("Part 2");
    }
    finally
    {
        await ctx.StreamingResponse.EndStreamAsync(ct);
    }
}

Streaming with Azure OpenAI:

private async Task OnMessageAsync(ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, CancellationToken ct)
{
    try
    {
        await ctx.StreamingResponse.QueueInformativeUpdateAsync("Thinking...", ct);

        await foreach (var update in chatClient.CompleteChatStreamingAsync(messages, cancellationToken: ct))
        {
            if (update.ContentUpdate.Count > 0 && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(update.ContentUpdate[0]?.Text))
            {
                ctx.StreamingResponse.QueueTextChunk(update.ContentUpdate[0].Text);
            }
        }
    }
    finally
    {
        await ctx.StreamingResponse.EndStreamAsync(ct);
    }
}

Streaming with a final card:

ctx.StreamingResponse.FinalMessage = MessageFactory.Attachment(new Attachment
{
    ContentType = ContentTypes.AdaptiveCard,
    Content = cardJson
});
await ctx.StreamingResponse.EndStreamAsync(ct);

Proactive Messaging

public class MyAgent : AgentApplication
{
    public MyAgent(AgentApplicationOptions options) : base(options)
    {
        OnActivity(ActivityTypes.Message, OnMessageAsync, rank: RouteRank.Last);
    }

    private async Task OnMessageAsync(ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        // Store the conversation reference for later
        string convId = await Proactive.StoreConversationAsync(ctx, ct);
        await ctx.SendActivityAsync($"Stored conversation: {convId}", cancellationToken: ct);
    }

    [ContinueConversation]
    public async Task OnProactiveAsync(ITurnContext ctx, ITurnState state, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        await ctx.SendActivityAsync("Proactive message!", cancellationToken: ct);
    }
}

In Program.cs:

app.MapAgentProactiveEndpoints<MyAgent>(requireAuth: !app.Environment.IsDevelopment());

OpenTelemetry / Observability

Use the agents-sdk-dotnet-otel skill for OpenTelemetry setup, SDK trace and metric subscriptions, safe custom instrumentation, OTLP configuration, Azure Monitor export, validation, and the local Aspire Dashboard.

Common Mistakes

1. Wrong endpoint mapping method

// WRONG — for ActivityHandler compat layer only
app.MapAgentEndpoints(requireAuth: false);

// CORRECT — for AgentApplication subclasses
app.MapAgentApplicationEndpoints(requireAuth: false);

2. Missing IStorage registration

// WRONG — no storage registered, runtime error
builder.AddAgent<MyAgent>();

// CORRECT — always register IStorage
builder.AddAgent<MyAgent>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<IStorage, MemoryStorage>();

3. Calling AddAgentApplicationOptions separately

// WRONG — double registration
builder.AddAgent<MyAgent>();
builder.Services.AddAgentApplicationOptions(builder.Configuration);

// CORRECT — AddAgent handles everything
builder.AddAgent<MyAgent>();

4. Wrong ConversationReference field name

// WRONG
var reference = new ConversationReference { Bot = new ChannelAccount(appId) };

// CORRECT
var reference = new ConversationReference { Agent = new ChannelAccount(appId) };

5. Forgetting UseAuthentication/UseAuthorization

// WRONG — auth middleware missing
var app = builder.Build();
app.MapAgentApplicationEndpoints(requireAuth: true);

// CORRECT
var app = builder.Build();
app.UseAuthentication();
app.UseAuthorization();
app.MapAgentApplicationEndpoints(requireAuth: true);

6. TokenValidation:Enabled left true for local dev

If TokenValidation:Enabled is true with no valid credentials configured, every incoming request will be rejected with 401. Set to false for local anonymous development.

7. Missing AspNetExtensions.cs for AddAgentAspNetAuthentication

AddAgentAspNetAuthentication is NOT built into the SDK packages — it's a helper extension that must be copied into your project from the shared samples.

// ERROR — CS1061: 'IServiceCollection' does not contain a definition for 'AddAgentAspNetAuthentication'
builder.Services.AddAgentAspNetAuthentication(builder.Configuration);

// FIX — Copy AspNetExtensions.cs from the samples repo into your project:
// https://github.com/microsoft/Agents-for-net/blob/main/src/samples/Shared/AspNetExtensions.cs

8. Missing Microsoft.Agents.Builder.State using for ITurnState

// WRONG — CS0246: ITurnState could not be found
using Microsoft.Agents.Builder;
using Microsoft.Agents.Builder.App;

// CORRECT — add the State namespace
using Microsoft.Agents.Builder;
using Microsoft.Agents.Builder.App;
using Microsoft.Agents.Builder.State;

Contributing

If you hit a problem this skill couldn't solve, found a workaround, or noticed something wrong or outdated, that's valuable — please help improve this skill for everyone.

Draft a suggested issue title and body based on the conversation, then ask the user to open it at: https://github.com/microsoft/agents/issues/new

A good issue includes:

• What the user was trying to do
• What went wrong (errors, unexpected behavior)
• What worked — including any workaround found during this conversation
• Relevant code or config snippets