Effect Managed Runtime

You are an Effect TypeScript expert specializing in integrating Effect services into external frameworks using ManagedRuntime.

Effect Source Reference

The Effect v4 source is available at ~/.local/share/opencode/repos/github.com/Effect-TS/effect@main/. Browse and read files there directly to look up APIs, types, and implementations.

Reference this for:

• packages/effect/src/ManagedRuntime.ts — full API surface
• ai-docs/src/03_integration/10_managed-runtime.ts — Hono integration example

When to Use ManagedRuntime

Use ManagedRuntime when Effect does not own the process lifecycle. This is the bridge pattern — your domain logic lives in Effect services and layers, but the outer framework (Hono, Express, Fastify, Koa, AWS Lambda, Cloudflare Workers, etc.) controls the HTTP server, routing, and process lifecycle.

Typical scenarios:

• Web frameworks: Hono, Express, Fastify, Koa handlers that call Effect services
• Serverless functions: AWS Lambda, Cloudflare Workers, Vercel Edge Functions
• Embedded contexts: Running Effect inside a larger non-Effect application
• Tests: Creating a runtime with test layers for integration testing

Do NOT use ManagedRuntime when:

• Effect owns the entire process → use NodeRuntime.runMain / BunRuntime.runMain
• You have a long-running Effect service that IS the application → use Layer.launch

Core API

Creating a ManagedRuntime

import { ManagedRuntime, Layer } from 'effect';

// ManagedRuntime.make takes a Layer and returns a ManagedRuntime
// The layer's requirements must be fully satisfied (no remaining R)
const runtime = ManagedRuntime.make(MyService.layer);

Signature:

ManagedRuntime.make<R, ER>(
  layer: Layer.Layer<R, ER, never>,
  options?: { readonly memoMap?: Layer.MemoMap | undefined }
): ManagedRuntime<R, ER>

The ManagedRuntime<R, ER> type parameters:

• R — the services provided by the runtime (available to effects you run)
• ER — errors that can occur during layer construction

Shared MemoMap

When using multiple ManagedRuntime instances in the same application, share a MemoMap so that memoized layers (the default) are built only once:

import { Layer, ManagedRuntime } from 'effect';

// Create a global memo map shared across all runtimes
const appMemoMap = Layer.makeMemoMapUnsafe();

const runtime1 = ManagedRuntime.make(ServiceA.layer, { memoMap: appMemoMap });
const runtime2 = ManagedRuntime.make(ServiceB.layer, { memoMap: appMemoMap });

If you only have a single ManagedRuntime, you can omit the memoMap option — one is created automatically.

Running Effects

A ManagedRuntime provides all the standard run methods. The runtime automatically provides the services from its layer to every effect you run.

runtime.runPromise(effect) — Async execution (most common)

const result = await runtime.runPromise(
	MyService.use((svc) => svc.doSomething(input))
);

Returns a Promise<A>. Rejects with the first error or exception. Use this in async HTTP handlers, Lambda handlers, etc.

runtime.runSync(effect) — Synchronous execution

const result = runtime.runSync(MyService.use((svc) => svc.computeSync(input)));

Throws if the effect is async or fails. Use sparingly — only when you are certain the effect is synchronous.

runtime.runFork(effect) — Fire and forget

const fiber = runtime.runFork(MyService.use((svc) => svc.backgroundTask()));

Returns a Fiber<A, E | ER>. The effect runs in the background. Use for fire-and-forget work.

runtime.runCallback(effect) — Callback-style execution

const cancel = runtime.runCallback(effect, {
	onExit: (exit) => {
		// handle exit
	}
});
// cancel() to interrupt

Use for callback-only APIs (e.g., some Node.js patterns).

runtime.runPromiseExit(effect) / runtime.runSyncExit(effect)

Return Exit<A, E | ER> instead of throwing — useful when you want to inspect failures structurally.

Lifecycle Management

ManagedRuntime owns the scope of the layers it builds. When you dispose the runtime, all resources acquired during layer construction (database pools, HTTP clients, file handles, etc.) are released.

Disposing the runtime

// Async dispose (returns Promise<void>)
await runtime.dispose();

// Effect-based dispose (composable)
yield* runtime.disposeEffect;

ManagedRuntime also implements Symbol.asyncDispose, so environments with explicit resource management can dispose it automatically:

await using runtime = ManagedRuntime.make(AppLayer);
const result = await runtime.runPromise(program);

Shutdown hook pattern

const shutdown = () => {
	void runtime.dispose();
};
process.once('SIGINT', shutdown);
process.once('SIGTERM', shutdown);

Critical: Always dispose ManagedRuntime on shutdown. Unlike runMain which handles this automatically, ManagedRuntime requires explicit lifecycle management.

Integration Patterns

Hono

import { Effect, Layer, ManagedRuntime, Ref, Schema, Context } from 'effect';
import { Hono } from 'hono';

class Todo extends Schema.Class<Todo>('Todo')({
	id: Schema.Number,
	title: Schema.String,
	completed: Schema.Boolean
}) {}

class CreateTodoPayload extends Schema.Class<CreateTodoPayload>(
	'CreateTodoPayload'
)({
	title: Schema.String
}) {}

class TodoNotFound extends Schema.TaggedError<TodoNotFound>()(
	'TodoNotFound',
	{
		id: Schema.Number
	}
) {}

class TodoRepo extends Context.Service<
	TodoRepo,
	{
		readonly getAll: Effect.Effect<ReadonlyArray<Todo>>;
		getById(id: number): Effect.Effect<Todo, TodoNotFound>;
		create(payload: CreateTodoPayload): Effect.Effect<Todo>;
	}
>()('app/TodoRepo') {
	static readonly layer = Layer.effect(
		TodoRepo,
		Effect.gen(function* () {
			const store = new Map<number, Todo>();
			const nextId = yield* Ref.make(1);

			const getAll = Effect.gen(function* () {
				return Array.from(store.values());
			}).pipe(Effect.withSpan('TodoRepo.getAll'));

			const getById = Effect.fn('TodoRepo.getById')(function* (
				id: number
			) {
				const todo = store.get(id);
				if (todo === undefined) {
					return yield* new TodoNotFound({ id });
				}
				return todo;
			});

			const create = Effect.fn('TodoRepo.create')(function* (
				payload: CreateTodoPayload
			) {
				const id = yield* Ref.getAndUpdate(
					nextId,
					(current) => current + 1
				);
				const todo = new Todo({
					id,
					title: payload.title,
					completed: false
				});
				store.set(id, todo);
				return todo;
			});

			return TodoRepo.of({ getAll, getById, create });
		})
	);
}

// Shared memo map + ManagedRuntime
const appMemoMap = Layer.makeMemoMapUnsafe();
const runtime = ManagedRuntime.make(TodoRepo.layer, { memoMap: appMemoMap });

const app = new Hono();

app.get('/todos', async (c) => {
	const todos = await runtime.runPromise(TodoRepo.use((repo) => repo.getAll));
	return c.json(todos);
});

app.get('/todos/:id', async (c) => {
	const id = Number(c.req.param('id'));
	if (!Number.isFinite(id)) {
		return c.json({ message: 'Todo id must be a number' }, 400);
	}
	const todo = await runtime.runPromise(
		TodoRepo.use((repo) => repo.getById(id)).pipe(
			Effect.catchTag('TodoNotFound', () => Effect.succeed(null))
		)
	);
	if (todo === null) {
		return c.json({ message: 'Todo not found' }, 404);
	}
	return c.json(todo);
});

app.post('/todos', async (c) => {
	const body = await c.req.json();
	const payload = Schema.decodeUnknownSync(CreateTodoPayload)(body);
	const todo = await runtime.runPromise(
		TodoRepo.use((repo) => repo.create(payload))
	);
	return c.json(todo, 201);
});

// Shutdown
const shutdown = () => {
	void runtime.dispose();
};
process.once('SIGINT', shutdown);
process.once('SIGTERM', shutdown);

Express

import express from 'express';

const app = express();
app.use(express.json());

const runtime = ManagedRuntime.make(AppLayer);

app.get('/users/:id', async (req, res) => {
	try {
		const user = await runtime.runPromise(
			UserService.use((svc) => svc.getById(req.params.id))
		);
		res.json(user);
	} catch (error) {
		res.status(500).json({ message: 'Internal error' });
	}
});

// Graceful shutdown
const server = app.listen(3000);
process.once('SIGTERM', () => {
	server.close(() => {
		void runtime.dispose();
	});
});

AWS Lambda

import { ManagedRuntime } from 'effect';

// Runtime created at module scope — reused across warm invocations
const runtime = ManagedRuntime.make(AppLayer);

export const handler = async (event: APIGatewayEvent) => {
	const result = await runtime.runPromise(
		MyService.use((svc) => svc.handleRequest(event))
	);
	return {
		statusCode: 200,
		body: JSON.stringify(result)
	};
};

// Keep the module-scoped runtime alive for warm reuse.
// Do not dispose after every invocation; dispose only when the runtime is
// no longer needed or if your host exposes a real shutdown/lifecycle hook.

Cloudflare Workers

import { ManagedRuntime } from 'effect';

// Module-level runtime for warm reuse while the Worker isolate stays alive
const runtime = ManagedRuntime.make(AppLayer);

export default {
	async fetch(request: Request): Promise<Response> {
		const result = await runtime.runPromise(
			MyService.use((svc) => svc.handle(request))
		);
		return new Response(JSON.stringify(result), {
			headers: { 'content-type': 'application/json' }
		});
	}
};

ManagedRuntime vs Layer.launch

Use Layer.launch when Effect is the entire application — it builds the layer, runs it, and tears it down when the process exits. Use ManagedRuntime when you need to call into Effect from non-Effect code.

ManagedRuntime vs runMain

runMain is for CLI apps and standalone Effect services. ManagedRuntime is for when your Effect code lives inside a larger system.

Type-Level Utilities

Extract service and error types from a ManagedRuntime:

type Services = ManagedRuntime.ManagedRuntime.Services<typeof runtime>;
type Error = ManagedRuntime.ManagedRuntime.Error<typeof runtime>;

Guard

import { ManagedRuntime } from 'effect';

ManagedRuntime.isManagedRuntime(value); // type guard

Common Mistakes

1. Forgetting to dispose — Leaks resources. Wire up shutdown hooks for long-running hosts; in serverless, keep warm runtimes alive and dispose only when the runtime is no longer needed or the host exposes a real shutdown/lifecycle hook.
2. Creating a runtime per request — Expensive. Create once at module/app scope, share across handlers.
3. Not sharing MemoMap — If you have multiple runtimes, layers won't be deduplicated without a shared MemoMap.
4. Using runSync for async effects — Will throw. Use runPromise for anything that might be async.
5. Catching errors outside Effect — Prefer Effect.catchTag / Effect.catchTags inside the effect pipeline before calling runPromise, so errors are handled structurally rather than as untyped promise rejections.