Implementing BGP Security with RPKI
Overview
Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI) provides cryptographic validation of BGP route origins to prevent route hijacking and accidental route leaks. RPKI enables network operators to create Route Origin Authorizations (ROAs) that declare which Autonomous Systems (ASes) are authorized to originate specific IP prefixes. BGP routers validate received route announcements against RPKI data through Route Origin Validation (ROV), rejecting routes with invalid origins. This skill covers creating ROAs through Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), deploying RPKI validator software, configuring ROV on Cisco IOS-XE and Juniper Junos routers, and implementing BGP filtering policies based on RPKI validation state.
When to Use
- When deploying or configuring implementing bgp security with rpki capabilities in your environment
- When establishing security controls aligned to compliance requirements
- When building or improving security architecture for this domain
- When conducting security assessments that require this implementation
Prerequisites
- IP address space allocated from an RIR (ARIN, RIPE, APNIC, AFRINIC, LACNIC)
- RIR member portal access for ROA creation
- BGP routers (Cisco IOS-XE 16.x+, Juniper Junos 12.2+, or similar)
- Linux server for RPKI validator/cache (Routinator, FORT, or OctoRPKI)
- Understanding of BGP routing and AS path concepts
Core Concepts
RPKI Architecture
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Regional Internet Registries │
│ (ARIN, RIPE, APNIC, AFRINIC, LACNIC) │
│ │
│ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Trust Anchor (Root CA Certificate) │ │
│ │ ├── CA Certificate (ISP/Organization) │ │
│ │ │ ├── ROA: AS64512 → 198.51.100.0/24 │ │
│ │ │ └── ROA: AS64512 → 2001:db8::/32 │ │
│ │ └── CA Certificate (Another Org) │ │
│ │ └── ROA: AS64513 → 203.0.113.0/24 │ │
│ └─────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────┘
│ rsync/RRDP
▼
┌──────────────────────┐
│ RPKI Validator/Cache │ (Routinator, FORT, OctoRPKI)
│ Validates ROAs │
│ Serves VRPs to RTR │
└──────────────────────┘
│ RTR Protocol (TCP 8323)
▼
┌──────────────────────┐
│ BGP Router │
│ Performs ROV │
│ Applies policy: │
│ Valid → Accept │
│ Invalid → Reject │
│ NotFound → Accept │
└──────────────────────┘
RPKI Validation States
| State | Meaning | Recommended Action |
|---|---|---|
| Valid | ROA exists, origin AS and prefix match | Accept route (prefer) |
| Invalid | ROA exists, but origin AS or prefix length mismatch | Reject route |
| NotFound | No ROA covers this prefix | Accept (but lower preference) |
Route Origin Authorization (ROA)
A ROA is a signed object that states:
- Prefix: The IP address range (e.g., 198.51.100.0/24)
- Origin AS: The AS authorized to originate this prefix (e.g., AS64512)
- Max Length: Maximum prefix length that can be announced (e.g., /24)
Workflow
Step 1: Create ROAs at Your RIR
ARIN (North America):
- Log into ARIN Online portal
- Navigate to Routing Security > Route Origin Authorizations
- Create ROA:
- Prefix: 198.51.100.0/24
- Origin AS: AS64512
- Max Length: /24 (set equal to prefix length to prevent sub-prefix hijacking)
- Sign and submit
RIPE NCC (Europe):
- Log into RIPE NCC LIR Portal
- Navigate to Certification (RPKI) > ROAs
- Create ROA with prefix, origin AS, and max prefix length
Step 2: Deploy RPKI Validator (Routinator)
# Install Routinator on Ubuntu
sudo apt install -y routinator
# Or install via Cargo (Rust)
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
cargo install routinator
# Initialize Routinator (accept TALs)
routinator init --accept-arin-rpa
# Start Routinator in RTR server mode
routinator server \
--rtr 0.0.0.0:8323 \
--http 0.0.0.0:8080 \
--refresh 600 \
--retry 60 \
--expire 7200
# Run as systemd service
cat > /etc/systemd/system/routinator.service << 'SYSTEMD'
[Unit]
Description=Routinator RPKI Validator
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=routinator
ExecStart=/usr/bin/routinator server --rtr 0.0.0.0:8323 --http 0.0.0.0:8080
Restart=always
RestartSec=10
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
SYSTEMD
sudo systemctl enable routinator
sudo systemctl start routinator
# Verify Routinator is serving data
curl http://localhost:8080/api/v1/status
curl http://localhost:8080/api/v1/validity/AS64512/198.51.100.0/24
# View Validated ROA Payloads (VRPs)
routinator vrps --format json | head -50
Step 3: Configure ROV on Cisco IOS-XE
! Configure RPKI cache server connection
router bgp 64512
bgp rpki server tcp 10.0.5.50 port 8323 refresh 600
! Verify RPKI session
show bgp rpki server
show bgp rpki table
! Create route-map for RPKI-based filtering
route-map RPKI-FILTER permit 10
match rpki valid
set local-preference 200
route-map RPKI-FILTER permit 20
match rpki not-found
set local-preference 100
route-map RPKI-FILTER deny 30
match rpki invalid
! Apply to BGP neighbors
router bgp 64512
address-family ipv4 unicast
neighbor 198.51.100.1 route-map RPKI-FILTER in
neighbor 203.0.113.1 route-map RPKI-FILTER in
address-family ipv6 unicast
neighbor 2001:db8::1 route-map RPKI-FILTER in
! Verify ROV operation
show bgp ipv4 unicast rpki validation
show bgp ipv4 unicast 198.51.100.0/24
show ip bgp rpki table
show ip bgp neighbors 198.51.100.1 rpki state
Step 4: Configure ROV on Juniper Junos
# Configure RPKI cache connection
set routing-options validation group RPKI-VALIDATORS session 10.0.5.50 port 8323
set routing-options validation group RPKI-VALIDATORS session 10.0.5.50 refresh-time 600
set routing-options validation group RPKI-VALIDATORS session 10.0.5.50 hold-time 7200
set routing-options validation group RPKI-VALIDATORS session 10.0.5.50 record-lifetime 7200
# Create validation policy
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term valid from validation-database valid
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term valid then validation-state valid
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term valid then local-preference 200
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term valid then accept
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term invalid from validation-database invalid
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term invalid then validation-state invalid
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term invalid then reject
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term unknown from validation-database unknown
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term unknown then validation-state unknown
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term unknown then local-preference 100
set policy-options policy-statement RPKI-POLICY term unknown then accept
# Apply to BGP peers
set protocols bgp group TRANSIT import RPKI-POLICY
set protocols bgp group PEERS import RPKI-POLICY
# Verify
show validation session
show validation database
show validation statistics
show route validation-state invalid
Step 5: Monitor RPKI Deployment
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Monitor RPKI ROV deployment health and coverage statistics."""
import json
import sys
import urllib.request
class RPKIMonitor:
def __init__(self, routinator_url: str = "http://localhost:8080"):
self.routinator_url = routinator_url
def get_status(self) -> dict:
"""Get Routinator server status."""
url = f"{self.routinator_url}/api/v1/status"
try:
with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as resp:
return json.loads(resp.read())
except Exception as e:
print(f"Error connecting to Routinator: {e}")
return {}
def check_validity(self, asn: int, prefix: str) -> dict:
"""Check RPKI validity of a prefix/origin pair."""
url = f"{self.routinator_url}/api/v1/validity/AS{asn}/{prefix}"
try:
with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as resp:
return json.loads(resp.read())
except Exception as e:
return {"error": str(e)}
def get_vrp_count(self) -> int:
"""Get total number of Validated ROA Payloads."""
status = self.get_status()
return status.get("vrpsCount", 0)
def report(self, prefixes_to_check: list):
"""Generate RPKI monitoring report."""
status = self.get_status()
print(f"\n{'='*60}")
print("RPKI MONITORING REPORT")
print(f"{'='*60}")
print(f"\nRoutinator Status:")
print(f" Version: {status.get('version', 'Unknown')}")
print(f" VRPs Total: {status.get('vrpsCount', 'N/A')}")
print(f" Last Update: {status.get('lastUpdateDone', 'N/A')}")
if prefixes_to_check:
print(f"\nPrefix Validity Checks:")
for asn, prefix in prefixes_to_check:
result = self.check_validity(asn, prefix)
validity = result.get("validated_route", {}).get(
"validity", {}).get("state", "error")
print(f" AS{asn} -> {prefix}: {validity.upper()}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
monitor = RPKIMonitor()
# Check own prefixes
own_prefixes = [
(64512, "198.51.100.0/24"),
]
monitor.report(own_prefixes)
Best Practices
- Create ROAs for All Prefixes - Sign ROAs for every prefix your organization announces
- Max Length = Prefix Length - Set max-length equal to announced prefix length to prevent sub-prefix hijacking
- Dual Validator - Run two independent RPKI validators for redundancy
- Soft Policy First - Start with logging RPKI-invalid routes before dropping them
- Monitor ROA Expiry - Set alerts for ROA certificates approaching expiration
- Coordinate with Upstreams - Notify transit providers about your RPKI deployment
- Test with Looking Glass - Verify your ROAs are visible using public RPKI validators