Dotnet Csharp Knowledge Patch

.NET and C# Knowledge Patch

Use this skill when writing, reviewing, upgrading, building, testing, publishing, or operating .NET and C# projects. It is especially useful when an apparently minor SDK or runtime change alters defaults, overload resolution, serialization, native loading, CLI output, restore behavior, or container output.

How to Apply This Patch

1. Inspect the project files, global.json, target frameworks, language version, package references, runtime identifiers, container bases, and test runner.
2. Treat this as multi-product coverage: match guidance to the actual C# language, SDK, runtime, ASP.NET Core, EF Core, desktop, or tooling component in use.
3. Read the relevant reference file before changing code or configuration.
4. Prefer the repository's manifests, tests, and observed behavior if they differ from this guidance.
5. For upgrades, audit changed defaults before adopting new APIs.

Reference Index

Upgrade Priorities

Apply the Security Servicing Release

Update deployed .NET runtimes and refresh container images to receive the current security fixes. Installing SDK 10.0.400, 10.0.303, or 10.0.111 also installs the matching updated .NET and ASP.NET Core runtimes. See sdk-cli-build-and-test.md for the affected CVE inventory and exact servicing guidance.

Recheck Container Bases

Default .NET 10 container images use Ubuntu. Do not assume that package names, filesystem paths, or the package manager match an older base distribution. Pin the required base image or adapt installation steps. When publishing a console project, set ContainerImageFormat explicitly if downstream tooling requires Docker or OCI rather than an inferred format.

Audit Restore and Package Assumptions

Restore audits transitive packages. A versionless PackageReference is an error, direct references removed by pruning raise NU1510, and PrunePackageReference makes direct prunable references private. Also account for stricter package IDs, HTTP failures, runtime-asset omission from deps.json, and removal of the enhanced HTTP retry environment switch.

Separate Data from CLI Diagnostics

Non-command-relevant CLI output, including dotnet watch logging, goes to standard error. Scripts must capture stdout and stderr deliberately. Also expect --interactive to default to true in user scenarios and dotnet package list to restore before listing.

Review Native Loading

Single-file applications no longer probe the executable directory for native libraries. DllImportSearchPath.AssemblyDirectory searches only the assembly directory. Package native assets or configure an explicit, secure search path instead of relying on the executable location.

Revalidate Serialization Contracts

System.Text.Json detects property-name conflicts. XmlSerializer includes properties marked ObsoleteAttribute instead of ignoring them. Run contract and round-trip tests before deploying an upgrade, especially when reflection, inheritance, or generated contexts affect the shape.

C# 14 Quick Reference

Extension Blocks

A named receiver defines instance extension members; omit the receiver name for static extension members. Extension blocks can provide properties, methods, and operators.

public static class SequenceExtensions
{
    extension<T>(IEnumerable<T> source)
    {
        public bool IsEmpty => !source.Any();
    }
}

Field-Backed Properties

Use the contextual field token to access a compiler-synthesized backing field from an accessor. If the type already declares an identifier named field, use @field or this.field for that existing identifier.

public string Message
{
    get;
    set => field = value ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value));
}

Null-Conditional Assignment

?. and ?[] may appear on the left of simple or compound assignment. The right-hand side runs only when the receiver is non-null. This form does not support ++ or --.

customer?.Order = GetCurrentOrder();
customer?.Balance += payment;

Span Overload Changes

Implicit conversions among arrays, Span<T>, and ReadOnlySpan<T> now compose more naturally and participate in generic inference. After changing language version, verify calls with span-aware overloads because a different overload may be selected.

Other Language Changes

• nameof(List<>) returns "List" without a type argument.
• Implicitly typed lambda parameters may use scoped, ref, in, out, or ref readonly; params still requires explicit parameter types.
• Instance constructors and events may be partial, with one defining declaration and one implementing declaration.
• A type may implement a dedicated compound-assignment operator.

See language.md for defining/implementing declaration rules and compiler compatibility details.

Runtime and Library Quick Reference

Cryptography

• Use the hash-algorithm-specific FindByThumbprint overload for non-SHA-1 certificate thumbprints and to avoid same-length hash ambiguity.
• Use ExportPkcs12 with a compatibility preset or custom PBE parameters to choose the PFX protection scheme explicitly.
• Check IsSupported before using MLKem, MLDsa, or SlhDsa; availability is platform dependent and some APIs remain experimental.
• Aes exposes RFC 5649 padded key-wrap operations.

Strict JSON

Set AllowDuplicateProperties = false to reject duplicate names. The JsonSerializerOptions.Strict preset also rejects unmapped members, retains case-sensitive binding, and enforces nullable annotations and required constructor parameters. Generated contexts can preserve reference cycles with JsonKnownReferenceHandler.Preserve.

Diagnostics and Hosting

Telemetry sources and meters may carry schema URLs, activity serialization now includes events and links, and trace aggregation supports root-activity rate limits. Review sampling after an upgrade because ActivitySource.CreateActivity and StartActivity behavior changed. All of BackgroundService.ExecuteAsync now runs as a Task, which changes where synchronous startup work executes.

SDK and Deployment Quick Reference

One-Shot Tools and CLI Introspection

dotnet tool exec package@version downloads and runs a tool without installing it. Omit @version for the latest version; expect confirmation before a new download. Any CLI command can emit its machine-readable command schema with --cli-schema.

File-Based Apps

dotnet publish app.cs uses Native AOT by default. Add #:property PublishAot=false when dependencies are incompatible. File-based apps also support #:project references and executable extensionless shebang files.

Test Runner Selection

Select Microsoft.Testing.Platform under test.runner in global.json when dotnet test should use it. Keep runner selection explicit in shared repositories so local and CI behavior agree.

Named EF Core Filters

Define multiple named query filters for an entity when policies such as tenancy and soft deletion must be independently disabled. Disable only the named filter needed for a query instead of removing all filters for the entity.

Upgrade Validation Checklist

• Build with the pinned SDK and inspect warnings as well as errors.
• Run restore explicitly and review audit and pruning diagnostics.
• Test scripts that parse CLI stdout or assume old solution or tool defaults.
• Exercise native-library loading in single-file deployments.
• Rebuild and scan container images after changing the base distribution.
• Round-trip representative JSON and XML payloads.
• Verify browser streaming, HTTP/3, mail-address validation, and macOS TLS where those paths are used.
• Run background-service startup, cancellation, and shutdown tests.
• Recheck WPF, Windows Forms, and System.Drawing exception handling.
• Validate cryptographic capability with runtime support checks on every target platform.