Validate Driver Hardware

Validate a driver against real hardware

This skill takes an already-authored driver and proves it works against the physical instrument. It writes a standalone, runnable validation script that exercises every method the driver implements, runs it against the connected device, triages the results, and iterates on the driver to fix real bugs the hardware surfaces. It is the hardware counterpart to add-instrument-driver's mocked unit tests.

Borrow the style of the runnable example scripts in examples/ — especially examples/modbus/labjack_t4_loopback_test.py (per-check OK/FAIL, accumulated failures, final summary, try/finally close).

Step 1 — Confirm hardware availability and gather connection details

This skill is only useful with the physical device attached. Ask the user first, and do not write or run anything until you have:

1. Do you have the instrument connected right now? If no, stop — offer to write the script anyway (with placeholder config) so they can run it later, but make clear nothing will be validated until hardware is present.
2. Device identifier / connection string. The exact value the transport needs: a VISA resource (USB0::0x...::INSTR, TCPIP0::192.168.1.5::INSTR, ASRL3::INSTR), a host:port for Modbus/TCP, a serial port, etc. Match the transport the driver actually uses.
3. Vendor, model, and exact unit (e.g. "Siglent SDS1104X-E"). Confirm it is in the family the driver targets.
4. Channel count / channel map. How many channels, and what is physically wired to each one.
5. Stimulus and wiring. What signal/load/DUT is present, on which channel, and its known properties (e.g. "LabJack T4 DAC0 → CH1, 100 Hz sine, ~0–2.5 V unipolar"). This is what makes value checks meaningful — capture it precisely, including limitations (e.g. a unipolar source never crosses 0 V, so a 0 V trigger won't fire). Ask for loopback wiring where the category needs it (DAQ analog/digital loopback, I2C target address, etc.).
6. Safety constraints. For sourcing instruments (PSU, eload, DAQ AO, relays), confirm safe limits before any output is enabled and what state to leave the device in.

Use AskUserQuestion when several of these are unknown — don't guess a VISA resource or a wiring map.

Step 2 — Enumerate the full driver surface to cover

The script must exercise everything the driver implements — that is the point of hardware validation. Build the list from code, not memory:

• Read the category base instro/<category>/<category>.py (named driver.py in some categories, e.g. instro/scope/driver.py, or living under packages/instro-unstable/ for in-development categories) for the required + optional method set.
• Read the concrete driver module and list every method it actually overrides. Skip only the ones that raise FeatureNotSupportedError/NotImplementedError.
• Read the matching HAL (InstroPSU, InstroDMM, InstroScope, InstroDAQ, …) to learn the public call surface and the return types. Methods return Measurement / Command (see instro/lib/types.py); unwrap with .latest, .values, or .channel_data[...] exactly as the example scripts and the HAL's own signatures dictate. Don't invent accessors.

Group the surface into validation steps: connection/sync, per-channel setting roundtrips (set → readback within tolerance), coupling/mode enums, queries (sample rate, status), acquisition/read/fetch, built-in measurements, run/stop, and file ops (screenshots, settings save/load). Cover each implemented method at least once.

Step 3 — Write the validation script

Place it where the category's hardware tests live; default to tests/<category>/<vendor>/test_<vendor>_<model>_hardware.py (mirrors tests/scope/siglent/). Requirements:

• Mark it @pytest.mark.hardware so just test deselects it (the repo sets addopts = "-m 'not hardware'"), AND make it runnable standalone via a main() and if __name__ == "__main__": sys.exit(main()). The user runs it with uv run python <path>.
• Module-level config block at the top — connection string, channel map, stimulus description, tolerances, and optional EXPECTED_* constants — each clearly marked to edit before running. Fill these from Step 1.
• No publishers. Construct the HAL with publishers=None; the script pushes data to no external backend.
• Continue through all steps, accumulating failures rather than aborting on the first — you want the full picture in one run (the loopback example does this). Print OK/FAIL per step and a final summary with a non-zero exit code if anything failed.
• try/finally: always close() the instrument and restore a safe state (outputs off, attenuation/level reset) in finally.
• Two check tiers, following the existing scope hardware test's philosophy: structural sanity (finite, positive, max > min, expected length) is always asserted; strict value checks (measured frequency ≈ expected) run only when the corresponding EXPECTED_* constant is set, since they depend on the stimulus.

Skeleton to adapt (category-agnostic; fill in the real driver, HAL, and steps):

"""Hardware validation for <Vendor> <Model> via <InstroHAL>. Self-contained; no publishers.

Wiring / stimulus:
    <describe what is connected to each channel and its known properties>

Run:
    uv run python tests/<category>/<vendor>/test_<vendor>_<model>_hardware.py
"""

import sys
import pytest

from instro.<category> import <InstroHAL>
from instro.<category>.drivers import <DriverClass>  # or unstable path

RESOURCE = "<visa-resource-or-host>"   # <-- edit before running
SIGNAL_CHANNEL = 1
# EXPECTED_FREQUENCY_HZ = None  # set to enable the strict value check


def _make_hal() -> <InstroHAL>:
    hal = <InstroHAL>(name="hw_validate", driver=<DriverClass>(RESOURCE),
                      num_channels=<n>, publishers=None)
    hal.open()
    return hal


def _run(name, fn, failures):
    try:
        fn()
        print(f"  [OK]   {name}")
    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001 - report, don't abort
        print(f"  [FAIL] {name}: {exc}")
        failures.append((name, exc))


def run_all() -> list:
    hal = _make_hal()
    failures: list = []
    try:
        # one _run(...) per implemented driver method / capability
        ...
    finally:
        # restore safe state, then close
        hal.close()
    return failures


@pytest.mark.hardware
def test_<model>_hardware():
    failures = run_all()
    assert not failures, f"{len(failures)} hardware check(s) failed: {failures}"


def main() -> int:
    failures = run_all()
    print(f"\n{'PASSED' if not failures else f'FAILED ({len(failures)})'}")
    return 1 if failures else 0


if __name__ == "__main__":
    sys.exit(main())

Step 4 — Run it against the hardware

Delegate execution to the hardware-test-runner subagent (.claude/agents/hardware-test-runner.md). The run is noisy — verbose VISA/ transport I/O and long tracebacks — and the subagent keeps that out of this conversation, returning a structured triage: overall pass/fail, per-step status, trimmed error excerpts, and a hypothesis classifying each failure as driver-bug, script/config, or hardware/wiring.

Give it the script path and the exact run command (uv run python <path>), plus the Step 1 stimulus notes so it can tell a real driver bug from "no signal on CH1".

If hardware tests are quick and quiet for this device, you may run the script inline instead — use judgment.

Step 5 — Triage and self-correct

For each failure, classify before touching code (this is the same discipline as diagnosing a real bug — wrong command/format/parse vs. wrong test config vs. no signal):

• Driver bug — wrong wire command, bad value formatting (e.g. sending 10.0 where the device wants 10), mis-parsed response, buffer desync on a binary read. Fix the driver, and only the driver. Confine every edit to the concrete driver module and its accompanying tests (tests/<category>/...). Never edit shared/core library code — instro/lib/ (transports like VisaDriver, instro/lib/types.py), the category base class (<Category>DriverBase), or the HAL. Those are out of scope for a single-driver validation. If a fix looks like it needs a transport capability the public API doesn't expose (e.g. a length-aware binary read, or disabling the read terminator for a raw block), use the VISA escape hatch — reach the underlying pyvisa resource from inside the driver via self._visa._inst while holding self._visa.lock(), restoring any attribute you change (e.g. read_termination) in a finally. If the cause genuinely cannot be fixed without changing core lib, stop and flag it for the user; do not edit lib yourself. After fixing the driver, update the mocked unit tests if the wire command changed, and re-run just check and just test to confirm no regression.
• Script/config — wrong channel, timebase showing too few cycles, a trigger level the signal never crosses, tolerance too tight. Fix the script, not the driver.
• Hardware/wiring — no stimulus, wrong probe attenuation, unipolar source vs bipolar expectation. Report to the user; don't paper over it in code.

Re-run via the subagent after each change. Loop until the script passes or the only remaining failures are genuine hardware/wiring issues the user must resolve. Make the smallest change that fixes the cause; don't refactor the driver beyond the bug.

Step 6 — Wrap up

• Ensure just check and just test still pass (mocked tests green, types and lint clean) — the hardware test is deselected there by design.
• Summarize for the user: which methods were validated, what was fixed in the driver (with the wire-level before/after), any steps that depend on stimulus the user should tune via EXPECTED_*, and any unresolved hardware/wiring issues.
• The script ships in the same branch/PR as the driver. It is a hardware-marked test, so it won't run in CI — note that in the PR description and that the driver was confirmed against a real unit.

Anti-patterns to refuse

• No data-publishing backend in the validation script — no publisher, client, or dataset identifiers. If the user wants streaming/telemetry, that is a separate example, not this script.
• Don't fix the driver to match a broken test. If the test config or wiring is wrong, fix that instead — the driver's wire behavior must stay correct.
• Don't edit shared/core library code. A driver fix must land only in the driver module and its tests — never in instro/lib/ (incl. VisaDriver and other transports), <Category>DriverBase, or the HAL. Need a capability the transport API lacks? Use the VISA escape hatch (self._visa._inst under self._visa.lock()) from within the driver, or flag the gap to the user — do not modify lib.
• Don't silently skip methods. If a method can't be validated with the available stimulus, print it as SKIPPED with the reason, not omit it.
• Don't leave the instrument in an unsafe state. Restore outputs/levels in finally.
• Don't invent expected values. Strict value checks come from the user's stated stimulus; otherwise assert structure only.