环境配置
本技能用于在终端完成 Python 画图环境的全流程配置。
适用场景
- 用户要求安装 Miniconda
- 用户要求创建虚拟环境
- 用户要求"用 Python 画图"但环境未就绪
- 绘图脚本运行报环境相关错误
Checklist
- 系统识别(macOS/Linux/Windows)
- Miniconda 安装/修复
- conda 初始化
- 创建
research环境 - 安装绘图依赖
- 环境自检
- 更新
plan/progress.md
一、系统识别
macOS / Linux
uname -s
uname -m
echo "$SHELL"
Windows PowerShell
$PSVersionTable.PSVersion
$env:OS
二、Miniconda 安装
macOS 全自动流程
set -euo pipefail
# 1) 选择安装包
ARCH="$(uname -m)"
if [ "$ARCH" = "arm64" ]; then
URL="https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-MacOSX-arm64.sh"
else
URL="https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-MacOSX-x86_64.sh"
fi
# 2) 下载并静默安装
INSTALLER="$HOME/Downloads/miniconda.sh"
curl -fsSL "$URL" -o "$INSTALLER"
bash "$INSTALLER" -b -p "$HOME/miniconda3"
# 3) 当前 shell 立即可用
export PATH="$HOME/miniconda3/bin:$PATH"
# 4) 初始化 shell
"$HOME/miniconda3/bin/conda" init "$(basename "$SHELL")"
# 5) 验证
conda --version
Windows 全自动流程(PowerShell)
$ErrorActionPreference = "Stop"
# 1) 下载
$installer = Join-Path $env:TEMP "Miniconda3-latest-Windows-x86_64.exe"
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://repo.anaconda.com/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Windows-x86_64.exe" -OutFile $installer
# 2) 静默安装
$target = "$env:USERPROFILE\miniconda3"
Start-Process -FilePath $installer -ArgumentList "/InstallationType=JustMe","/RegisterPython=0","/S","/D=$target" -Wait
# 3) 初始化 powershell
& "$target\Scripts\conda.exe" init powershell
# 4) 验证
$env:Path = "$target;$target\Scripts;$target\condabin;" + $env:Path
conda --version
三、创建科研虚拟环境
默认环境名:research
创建与激活
conda create -n research python=3.11 -y
conda activate research
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
四、安装绘图依赖
pip install numpy pandas scipy matplotlib seaborn scikit-learn statsmodels jupyter ipykernel openpyxl
python -m ipykernel install --user --name research --display-name "Python (research)"
可选:
pip install plotly pingouin
五、环境自检
python - <<'PY'
import sys
import numpy, pandas, matplotlib, seaborn, sklearn, statsmodels
print('Python:', sys.version.split()[0])
print('numpy:', numpy.__version__)
print('pandas:', pandas.__version__)
print('matplotlib:', matplotlib.__version__)
print('seaborn:', seaborn.__version__)
print('sklearn:', sklearn.__version__)
print('statsmodels:', statsmodels.__version__)
print('ENV CHECK: OK')
PY
六、画图任务前检查
执行画图任务前,至少确认:
- 已激活
research环境 matplotlib和seaborn导入正常- 输出目录存在(如
figures/)
七、常见问题与修复
conda: command not found
macOS / Linux:
export PATH="$HOME/miniconda3/bin:$PATH"
conda init "$(basename "$SHELL")"
Windows PowerShell:
$env:Path = "$env:USERPROFILE\miniconda3;$env:USERPROFILE\miniconda3\Scripts;" + $env:Path
下载慢或超时
pip config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
包冲突
conda create -n research_clean python=3.11 -y
conda activate research_clean
pip install -r requirements.txt