PDF

PDF Skill

Create PDFs from structured specs, build and fill AcroForm forms (with layout linting and visual overlays), extract text/tables/metadata, merge/split/rotate/watermark/stamp pages, export page images, manage metadata and attachments, and encrypt/decrypt — using pypdf, reportlab, and pdfplumber. Scanned (image-only) PDFs contain no text layer: OCR is explicitly out of scope here — when a page is image-only, stop and use the ocr-and-documents skill instead of pretending to extract text.

When to Use

• Generate a report, invoice, or multi-page document as PDF.
• Build a fillable AcroForm (text/checkbox/radio/dropdown) from a JSON spec, linting the layout first.
• Pull text, tables (JSON/CSV), metadata, or form-field values out of a PDF.
• Merge, split, rotate, extract page subsets, watermark, stamp text/images at coordinates, bookmark, or compress PDFs.
• Export pages as PNGs for visual review or for OCR hand-off; set/clear document metadata; add/extract file attachments.
• Fill or flatten AcroForm forms; encrypt or decrypt with passwords.
• NOT for scanned/image-only PDFs (use ocr-and-documents) and NOT for pixel-perfect HTML-to-PDF rendering (use a headless browser).

Prerequisites

• Python 3.10+ with pypdf, reportlab, pdfplumber: python -m pip install pypdf reportlab pdfplumber
• Optional, for page rasterization (pdf_page_image.py, overlay rendering): python -m pip install pypdfium2, or poppler's pdftoppm on PATH. Scripts fall back pypdfium2 → pdftoppm and report {"rendered": false, "missing": [...]} (exit 0) when neither exists.
• Each helper script checks imports lazily and prints an install hint if a dependency is missing.

How to Run

All helpers live in scripts/ and are argparse CLIs — run them with the terminal tool; every one supports --help. They read/write JSON strictly as UTF-8, print JSON results to stdout, and exit non-zero on failure.

python scripts/pdf_create.py spec.json -o out.pdf         # build PDF from JSON spec
python scripts/pdf_make_form.py formspec.json -o form.pdf # build fillable AcroForm from JSON spec
python scripts/pdf_form_layout.py formspec.json           # lint form layout BEFORE building
python scripts/pdf_form_layout.py formspec.json --render-overlay boxes.png [--pdf form.pdf]
python scripts/pdf_read.py doc.pdf --text                 # per-page text (JSON)
python scripts/pdf_read.py doc.pdf --tables --csv-dir t/  # tables to JSON + CSV files
python scripts/pdf_read.py doc.pdf --meta                 # metadata, page sizes, encrypted/scanned flags
python scripts/pdf_read.py form.pdf --fields              # form fields: name, type, value
python scripts/pdf_merge.py a.pdf b.pdf -o merged.pdf [--bookmarks]
python scripts/pdf_split.py doc.pdf --pages 1-3,7 -o part.pdf [--rotate 90]
python scripts/pdf_fill_form.py form.pdf --fields-json values.json -o filled.pdf [--flatten]
python scripts/pdf_secure.py doc.pdf --encrypt -o enc.pdf --user-password your-password
python scripts/pdf_secure.py enc.pdf --decrypt -o dec.pdf --password your-password
python scripts/pdf_watermark.py doc.pdf --stamp mark.pdf -o stamped.pdf [--under]
python scripts/pdf_stamp.py doc.pdf -o out.pdf --text "DRAFT" --x 150 --y 400 \
    --font-size 60 --rotation 45 --opacity 0.3 --color "#cc0000" [--pages 1-3]
python scripts/pdf_stamp.py doc.pdf -o out.pdf --image sig.png --x 400 --y 60 --width 120
python scripts/pdf_page_image.py doc.pdf --pages 1-3 --dpi 150 --out-dir imgs/
python scripts/pdf_meta.py doc.pdf --set-meta --title "T" --author "A" -o out.pdf
python scripts/pdf_meta.py doc.pdf --attach data.csv -o out.pdf
python scripts/pdf_meta.py doc.pdf --list-attachments | --extract-attachments dir/

Quick Reference

Procedure

1. Inspect first. Run pdf_read.py file.pdf --meta. Check encrypted (if true, decrypt first with pdf_secure.py --decrypt) and likely_scanned_pages. If pages are image-only, export them with pdf_page_image.py --pages <scanned> --dpi 300 --out-dir imgs/ and hand the PNGs to the ocr-and-documents skill — do not report empty text as "no content".
2. Create. Write a JSON spec with write_file (elements: heading, paragraph, table, image, pagebreak; optional title/author metadata; page numbers are added automatically), then run pdf_create.py. Verify visually with vision_analyze on a rendered page image if layout matters.
3. Extract. --text gives a JSON list of per-page strings; --tables gives row arrays per page and can also emit CSV files. Read results with read_file; never eyeball a binary PDF directly.
4. Manipulate. pdf_merge.py concatenates and can add one bookmark per source file; pdf_split.py handles page ranges (1-based, e.g. 1-3,5,9-), rotation in 90° steps, and --compress. Watermark by preparing a single-page stamp PDF (e.g. via pdf_create.py) and overlaying it with pdf_watermark.py; for one-liner stamps ("sign here", diagonal DRAFT, corner labels) use pdf_stamp.py with text or an image at explicit coordinates.
5. Build forms. Write one form-spec JSON (fields with label_box/entry_box in PDF points — see references/forms.md), lint it with pdf_form_layout.py and fix every reported problem, optionally review the --render-overlay PNG with vision_analyze, then build with pdf_make_form.py and confirm with pdf_read.py --fields.
6. Fill forms. List fields (--fields) to learn exact names and types, write a UTF-8 JSON of {"FieldName": "value"} with write_file (checkboxes accept true/false; radio/choice values must match the field's export options), then pdf_fill_form.py. Re-read with --fields to confirm values landed.
7. Metadata & attachments. pdf_meta.py --set-meta writes Title/Author/Subject/Keywords (DocInfo); --clear-meta drops them; --attach/--list-attachments/--extract-attachments round-trip embedded files.
8. Secure. Encrypt with distinct user/owner passwords and AES-256. To remove a password you know, --decrypt writes an unencrypted copy.
9. Verify (see below) before reporting success.

Pitfalls

• Scanned PDFs: empty extract_text() plus page images means there is no text layer. Route to ocr-and-documents; do not fabricate text.
• Flattening limits: pdf_fill_form.py --flatten uses pypdf's flatten support, which converts widget appearances into page content. It is reliable for plain text fields and checkboxes but can drop or misrender exotic widgets (rich text, custom appearance streams, some radio groups). Verify the flattened output visually with vision_analyze; for bulletproof flattening use an external renderer (e.g. Ghostscript or pdftoppm+reassembly) as a fallback.
• NeedAppearances: after filling, viewers only render values if appearance streams exist. The fill script sets the AcroForm NeedAppearances flag so conforming viewers regenerate them; some minimal viewers ignore it — flatten if display fidelity matters.
• Non-Latin form values: values are stored correctly (UTF-16), but the field's default font may lack glyphs, so a viewer can show blanks even though the data round-trips. Verify with --fields, not just visually.
• Compression expectations: --compress only deflates content streams. Typical savings are 0–20%; it does nothing for PDFs dominated by images or already-compressed streams. It is not a substitute for image downsampling (Ghostscript territory).
• Permission flags don't enforce: owner-password permission bits (no-print, no-copy) are polite requests that viewers may honor; any library (including pypdf) can read and strip them. Only the user password actually gates content via encryption. Never present permission flags as security.
• Table extraction is heuristic: pdfplumber detects tables from ruling lines/word alignment; borderless or merged-cell tables may need table_settings tuning or manual cleanup.
• Page indexing: helper CLIs take 1-based pages; pypdf APIs are 0-based. The scripts convert — don't double-convert.
• Rotated stamp text extraction: pdfplumber's line grouping scrambles rotated glyphs (a 45° "DRAFT" extracts as stray letters); verify rotated stamps with pypdf's extract_text() or a rendered image instead.
• Radio groups: reportlab needs ≥2 radio() widgets per group, fills need the slashed export value ("/red"), and flatten fidelity is worst for radios — see references/forms.md.
• Metadata scope: pdf_meta.py writes the classic DocInfo dictionary only; embedded XMP metadata (if any) is left untouched and may show different values in some viewers.
• PDF/A is out of scope: pypdf/reportlab cannot produce or validate conformant PDF/A. If archival conformance is required, run Ghostscript via the terminal tool (e.g. gs -dPDFA=2 -dPDFACompatibilityPolicy=1 -sColorConversionStrategy=UseDeviceIndependentColor -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -o out.pdf in.pdf with a suitable ICC profile) and validate with veraPDF — both are external installs, and the result still needs validation, not assumption.
• Rotation must be a multiple of 90; encrypted inputs must be decrypted before any other operation.

Verification

• After create/merge/split: pdf_read.py out.pdf --meta — confirm page_count, and per-page rotation when you rotated.
• After extraction: check the JSON is non-empty and spot-check a known string or cell.
• Form design loop: pdf_form_layout.py spec.json must exit 0; then --render-overlay boxes.png --pdf form.pdf and review the PNG with vision_analyze (red = entry boxes with field names, blue = label boxes) asking about overlaps, misalignment, and labels detached from their fields. Iterate spec → lint → overlay until clean.
• After building a form: pdf_read.py form.pdf --fields lists every spec field with the right type and options.
• After form fill: pdf_read.py filled.pdf --fields and compare values (exact match, including non-ASCII).
• After stamping: re-extract text (pypdf for rotated stamps) or render the page with pdf_page_image.py and inspect with vision_analyze.
• After metadata/attachment edits: pdf_read.py --meta / pdf_meta.py --list-attachments, and re-extract an attachment to byte-compare.
• After encrypt: --meta shows "encrypted": true and opening without a password fails; after decrypt, text extraction matches the original.
• For anything visual (watermarks, flattened forms), render and inspect with vision_analyze.