---
name: tao-train-grounding-dino
description: Trains, evaluates, exports, quantizes, and runs inference for a Grounding DINO model that detects objects described by text prompts without a fixed class vocabulary.
license: Apache-2.0
---

# Grounding DINO

Grounding DINO for open-set object detection. Combines DINO-style detection with BERT text encoder for language-guided detection. Detects objects described by text prompts without fixed class vocabulary.

Set train.pretrained_model_path for full Grounding DINO weights or model.pretrained_backbone_path for backbone-only.

For TAO Deploy TensorRT actions (`gen_trt_engine`, TensorRT `evaluate`, and TensorRT `inference`), read `references/tao-deploy-grounding-dino.md` first. Deploy spec templates live in this skill's `references/` folder with the `spec_template_deploy_*.yaml` prefix.

## Dataclass Schemas

Generated TAO Core schemas are packaged in `schemas/<action>.schema.json`, with `schemas/manifest.json` listing available actions. Each generated schema also emits `references/spec_template_<action>.yaml` from the schema top-level `default` field. AutoML enablement is declared at the model layer in `references/skill_info.yaml` via `automl_enabled`. Runnable AutoML still requires `schemas/train.schema.json` and `references/spec_template_train.yaml` to exist and parse. Use the packaged train schema for `automl_default_parameters`, `automl_disabled_parameters`, defaults, min/max bounds, enums, option weights, math conditions, dependencies, and popular parameters. Do not expect `~/tao-core` at runtime; maintainers regenerate schemas/templates before packaging the skill bank.

## Train Action Policy

This model is AutoML-enabled at the model layer. Before handling any train-stage request, read `references/skill_info.yaml` and resolve the run override from either an explicit `automl_policy` value or the user's workflow request. Use `automl_policy: on` by default and only expose `on` / `off` in new launch prompts. Treat phrases like "turn off AutoML", "disable AutoML", "no HPO", or "plain training" as `automl_policy: off` for this run only. When `automl_policy: on`, `automl_enabled: true`, and both `schemas/train.schema.json` and `references/spec_template_train.yaml` are packaged, route the train action through `tao-skill-bank:tao-run-automl` by default with this model's `skill_dir`. Preserve workflow/application overrides for datasets, specs, output directories, GPU/platform settings, parent checkpoints, and `automl_policy`. Use direct model training only when `automl_policy: off` or the packaged train schema/template is missing; in the missing-schema case, report that AutoML is enabled but not runnable for this model until schemas are generated.

Non-train actions such as `evaluate`, `inference`, `export`, and deploy flows stay in this model skill. The per-run `automl_policy` override does not change model metadata.

## Training Requirements

- **Dataset type:** object_detection
- **Formats:** odvg, coco, raw
- **Monitoring metric:** val_mAP50

### Per-Action Dataset Requirements

| Action | Spec Key | Source | Files | List? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| evaluate | dataset.test_data_sources | eval_dataset | image_dir: images.tar.gz, json_file: annotations.json | No |
| inference | dataset.infer_data_sources.image_dir | inference_dataset | images.tar.gz | Yes |
| inference | dataset.infer_data_sources.captions | workflow prompts | prompt list | Yes |
| quantize | dataset.train_data_sources | train_datasets | image_dir: images.tar.gz, json_file: annotations_odvg.jsonl, label_map: annotations_odvg_labelmap.json | Yes |
| quantize | dataset.val_data_sources | eval_dataset | image_dir: images.tar.gz, json_file: annotations.json | No |
| quantize | dataset.quant_calibration_data_sources | calibration/eval dataset | image_dir: images.tar.gz, json_file: annotations.json | No |
| train | dataset.train_data_sources | train_datasets | image_dir: images.tar.gz, json_file: annotations_odvg.jsonl, label_map: annotations_odvg_labelmap.json | Yes |
| train | dataset.val_data_sources | eval_dataset | image_dir: images.tar.gz, json_file: annotations.json | No |

The runner may source image archives as `images.tar.gz`, but direct local
Docker TAO CLI specs must point `image_dir` to an extracted image directory.
Skill metadata marks these archive-backed image sources with
`runtime: extracted_folder` so a fresh runner can unpack the archive before
launching TAO.

### Typical Spec Overrides

Data source overrides are **mandatory for every action** — the agent MUST construct data source paths from the Per-Action Dataset Requirements table above and include them in `spec_overrides`.

```python
S3_TRAIN = "s3://bucket/data/train"
S3_EVAL = "s3://bucket/data/eval"
```

**train (mandatory data sources):**
```python
{
    "train.num_epochs": 10,
    "train.checkpoint_interval": 10,
    "train.validation_interval": 10,
    "train.num_gpus": 1,
    "dataset.train_data_sources": [{"image_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images.tar.gz", "json_file": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_odvg.jsonl", "label_map": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_odvg_labelmap.json"}],
    "dataset.val_data_sources": {"image_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz", "json_file": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json"},
}
```

**deploy/gen_trt_engine (use `references/tao-deploy-grounding-dino.md`):**
```python
{
    "gen_trt_engine.onnx_file": "<exported_onnx_uri>",
    "gen_trt_engine.trt_engine": "<output_engine_path>",
    "gen_trt_engine.tensorrt.data_type": "FP16",
}
```

**inference (mandatory data sources):**
```python
{
    "inference.checkpoint": "<selected train/AutoML checkpoint>",
    "dataset.infer_data_sources.image_dir": [f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz"],
    "dataset.infer_data_sources.captions": [
        "fire extinguisher",
        "cone",
        "cart",
        "forklift"
    ],
}
```

**evaluate (mandatory data sources):**
```python
{
    "evaluate.checkpoint": "<selected train/AutoML checkpoint>",
    "dataset.test_data_sources": {"image_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz", "json_file": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json"},
}
```

**quantize (mandatory data sources):**
```python
{
    "quantize.model_path": "<selected train checkpoint or exported ONNX model>",
    "dataset.train_data_sources": [{"image_dir": f"{S3_TRAIN}/images.tar.gz", "json_file": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_odvg.jsonl", "label_map": f"{S3_TRAIN}/annotations_odvg_labelmap.json"}],
    "dataset.val_data_sources": {"image_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz", "json_file": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json"},
    "dataset.quant_calibration_data_sources": {"image_dir": f"{S3_EVAL}/images.tar.gz", "json_file": f"{S3_EVAL}/annotations.json"},
}
```
## Eval Dataset

Optional. Validation uses COCO-format annotations for mAP even though training can use ODVG format.

## Important Parameters

- **model.backbone**: Default swin_tiny_224_1k. Also supports resnet_50 and other Swin variants. Swin generally performs better for grounding tasks.
- **model.text_encoder_type**: BERT model for text encoding. Default bert-base-uncased. max_text_len defaults to 256.
- **model.max_text_len**: Keep this aligned with the dataset label/token
  position maps. Do not shrink it for smoke tests unless the corresponding
  label maps are regenerated with the same length; otherwise validation can
  fail with a matrix shape mismatch between token probabilities and position
  maps.
- **train.optim.lr**: Learning rate. Default 2e-4. lr_backbone 2e-5. Supports bf16 precision in addition to fp16/fp32.
- **dataset.max_labels**: Maximum labels per image during training. Default 50. Increase for dense annotation datasets.
- **model.num_queries**: Object queries. Default 900 (higher than DINO's 300) due to open-vocabulary nature.
- **model.num_queries / model.num_select**: Keep `num_queries` high enough
  for the number of matched ODVG targets in a batch. Very small smoke values
  such as 20 can fail during Hungarian target indexing on dense images; use at
  least 100 for minimal Grounding DINO smoke runs unless the dataset is known
  to have fewer objects per image.
- **train.optim.lr_steps**: MultiStep LR schedule. Default [10].

## Multi-GPU / Multi-Node

**Launch method:** Lightning-managed (single `python` process, Lightning spawns workers).

| Spec Key | Description | Default |
|----------|-------------|---------|
| `train.num_gpus` | Number of GPUs | 1 |
| `train.gpu_ids` | GPU device indices | [0] |
| `train.num_nodes` | Number of nodes | 1 |
| `train.distributed_strategy` | `ddp` or `fsdp` | `ddp` |

Same DDP/FSDP behavior as DINO. Multi-node requires `WORLD_SIZE`, `NODE_RANK`, `MASTER_ADDR`, `MASTER_PORT` env vars set by orchestrator.

## Export / TRT Defaults

- Export input: 960x544 (larger than other OD models), opset 17. Keep
  Grounding-DINO export specs at the template export resolution for smoke tests;
  reducing export to very small image sizes such as 128x128 can trigger a
  PyTorch ONNX shape-inference assertion in the contrastive text head during
  `torch.onnx.export`.
- The parent PyTorch `grounding_dino` CLI supports `train`, `evaluate`,
  `inference`, `export`, and `quantize`. Run TensorRT engine generation,
  TensorRT inference, and TensorRT evaluation through `references/tao-deploy-grounding-dino.md`.
- TRT data types: FP32, FP16 only — **INT8 is NOT supported**
- TRT workspace: 8192 MB (8x larger than other OD models)
- TRT max_batch_size: 4

## Hardware

Minimum 1 GPU(s), recommended 4 GPU(s). 24GB+ (A100 recommended) VRAM per GPU. Grounding DINO is heavier than standard DINO due to the text encoder (BERT). 24GB+ GPU memory recommended. Reduce batch_size for 16GB GPUs.

## Error Patterns

**CUDA out of memory**: Reduce batch_size (4 -> 2 -> 1). The BERT text encoder adds significant memory overhead on top of the vision backbone.

**Val annotation category IDs**: Validation annotations should have category IDs starting from 0 for correct loss computation. Use annotation format conversion if needed.

**Text encoder loading error**: Ensure the container has access to download bert-base-uncased weights or provide a local path.

**Quantize with a PyTorch checkpoint fails in TAO Toolkit 7.0.0-rc-226**:
The container's Grounding-DINO quantize script passes `cap_lists=None` when
loading a checkpoint, which fails in `post_process.py`. ONNX quantization uses
the exported ONNX artifact and COCO calibration data, but the default rc-226
PyTorch image also lacks the `modelopt.onnx.quantization` module. Treat this as
an image/SDK blocker, not a checkpoint resolver issue.

**mat1 and mat2 shapes cannot be multiplied in `post_process.py`**: The text
token length and label position maps are inconsistent, commonly because
`model.max_text_len` was overridden below the default 256 while the dataset
label maps still use 256-length position maps. Restore `model.max_text_len` or
regenerate the label maps with the same length.

**index is out of bounds for dimension 0 in `criterion.py`**: `model.num_queries`
is too small for the matched ODVG targets in the current batch. Increase
`model.num_queries` and keep `model.num_select` compatible with it.

**NotADirectoryError with `images.tar.gz/<image>.jpg`**: The direct TAO CLI is
trying to traverse an archive path as a directory. Extract the archive and set
the relevant `image_dir` field to the extracted image folder; archive-backed
skill data sources use `runtime: extracted_folder` for this reason.

## Spec Param / Parent Model Inference

Model-specific inference mappings belong in this MD file, not in `config.json`. Generated runners should read this section and apply the mappings with SDK helpers before `create_job()`. This mirrors the old microservices `infer_params.py` flow.

Inference mappings from TAO Core `grounding_dino.config.json`:

| Action | Spec Field | Inference Function | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| evaluate | `encryption_key` | `key` | encryption key |
| evaluate | `evaluate.checkpoint` | `parent_model` | model file inferred from the parent job results folder |
| evaluate | `evaluate.trt_engine` | `parent_model` | model file inferred from the parent job results folder |
| evaluate | `results_dir` | `output_dir` | current job results directory |
| export | `encryption_key` | `key` | encryption key |
| export | `export.checkpoint` | `parent_model` | model file inferred from the parent job results folder |
| export | `export.onnx_file` | `create_onnx_file` | output ONNX path |
| export | `results_dir` | `output_dir` | current job results directory |
| inference | `encryption_key` | `key` | encryption key |
| inference | `inference.checkpoint` | `parent_model` | model file inferred from the parent job results folder |
| inference | `inference.trt_engine` | `parent_model` | model file inferred from the parent job results folder |
| inference | `results_dir` | `output_dir` | current job results directory |
| quantize | `encryption_key` | `key` | encryption key |
| quantize | `quantize.model_path` | `parent_model` | model file inferred from the parent job results folder |
| quantize | `results_dir` | `output_dir` | current job results directory |
| train | `encryption_key` | `key` | encryption key |
| train | `model.pretrained_backbone_path` | `ptm_if_no_resume_model` | PTM when no resume checkpoint exists |
| train | `results_dir` | `output_dir` | current job results directory |
| train | `train.pretrained_model_path` | `ptm_if_no_resume_model` | PTM when no resume checkpoint exists |
| train | `train.resume_training_checkpoint_path` | `resume_model` | model file inferred from the current job results folder |

For `parent_model` or `parent_model_folder`, pass the upstream train/export/AutoML child job id as `parent_job_id`. The SDK lists the parent result folder, filters checkpoint artifacts, and returns the selected model file or folder. Do not add these mappings back to `config.json` and do not patch generated runner scripts to guess checkpoint paths.

When selecting a Grounding-DINO checkpoint outside the SDK resolver, match the
intended epoch/step artifact exactly, for example
`model_epoch_000_step_00046.pth`. The `gdino_model_latest.pth` symlink is valid
only when latest is explicitly requested. Carry structural model settings such
as `model.backbone`, `model.num_queries`, `model.num_select`,
`model.num_feature_levels`, `model.max_text_len`, and export input resolution
forward into evaluate, inference, export, and deploy specs so checkpoint and
engine shapes match.

## Deployment

- [tao-deploy-grounding-dino](references/tao-deploy-grounding-dino.md)