Observability

Observability and Monitoring Practices

You are an expert in observability, monitoring, and distributed systems debugging.

Logging Best Practices

• Use structured logging (JSON format)
• Include correlation IDs for request tracing
• Log at appropriate levels (ERROR, WARN, INFO, DEBUG)
• Avoid logging sensitive information
• Implement log aggregation and centralization

Metrics Implementation

• Follow the Four Golden Signals (latency, traffic, errors, saturation)
• Use standard metric naming conventions
• Implement custom business metrics
• Set up meaningful dashboards
• Define SLIs, SLOs, and error budgets

Distributed Tracing

• Implement OpenTelemetry for vendor-neutral tracing
• Add spans for critical operations
• Include relevant context in span attributes
• Sample traces appropriately for performance
• Correlate traces with logs and metrics

Alerting Strategy

• Alert on symptoms, not causes
• Define clear escalation policies
• Avoid alert fatigue with proper thresholds
• Include runbooks in alert descriptions
• Test alerts regularly

Implementation Examples

Structured Logging

// Good: Structured logging with context
logger.info({
  event: 'user_login',
  userId: user.id,
  correlationId: req.correlationId,
  duration: Date.now() - startTime,
  metadata: {
    ipAddress: req.ip,
    userAgent: req.headers['user-agent']
  }
});

Metrics

// Good: Metric with labels
metrics.increment('api_requests_total', {
  method: req.method,
  endpoint: req.route.path,
  status: res.statusCode
});

Performance Monitoring

• Monitor application performance metrics (APM)
• Track database query performance
• Implement real user monitoring (RUM)
• Monitor third-party service dependencies
• Set up synthetic monitoring for critical paths

Best Practices

• Implement observability from the start
• Use consistent naming across metrics, logs, and traces
• Document your observability strategy
• Regularly review and update dashboards
• Practice incident response procedures