API Design

Invocation points:

• Adding a new public API endpoint
• Redesigning an internal API boundary between services
• Code review of a PR that introduces HTTP handlers
• A slice whose acceptance criteria include "the API works"
• A GraphQL schema change

HONEST STATUS CODES. 200 OK with {"error": "not found"} is a lie. 404 says not found. Use the HTTP semantics the protocol offers — HTTP clients, caches, and intermediaries rely on them.

PAGINATION IS NON-OPTIONAL. Any list endpoint that doesn't paginate will eventually get a request for "all records" that kills your database.

Step 1: Gather the contract

Answer, or ask (one round, 1–3 questions):

1. Who are the callers? Internal service / mobile app / public third-party / same-repo frontend.
2. What's the versioning stance? None / URL-path (/v1/) / header-based / GraphQL schema evolution.
3. Auth model? Public / API key / OAuth / session cookie / mTLS / none-but-internal-only.
4. Idempotency expectation? Is a retry safe? Required?
5. Consistency model? Read-your-writes, eventual, serializable?

Step 2: Resource and operation naming

REST

• Nouns not verbs in URLs: POST /users, not POST /createUser.
• Plural resources: /users/42, not /user/42.
• Nested only when the relationship is hierarchical and the child has no independent identity: /users/42/sessions/3. Otherwise flat: /sessions/3?userId=42.
• Use subresources for actions that don't fit CRUD: POST /users/42:deactivate (colon syntax) or POST /users/42/actions/deactivate.

GraphQL

• Queries are nouns; mutations are verbs: user(id), createUser(input), deactivateUser(id).
• Group related mutations under an input type: createUser(input: CreateUserInput!).
• Return the affected object plus any derived/computed fields from mutations — lets clients avoid a refetch.

Step 3: Methods and status codes

REST

Errors:

• 400: caller screwed up the request shape
• 401: no/invalid auth
• 403: authed but not allowed
• 404: resource doesn't exist
• 409: conflict (version mismatch, unique constraint)
• 410: gone (vs 404 when the resource previously existed and you want to signal that)
• 422: validation failed
• 429: rate-limited — include Retry-After
• 500: genuinely unexpected server error
• 503: service down or overloaded — include Retry-After

Never 200-with-error-body. Never 500 for a 4xx cause.

GraphQL

• Top-level errors (errors[]) for transport-level failures. Domain errors (validation, not-found, forbidden) go in the typed return — use a union or result type.
• Partial results are expected; design the schema so null on a field is meaningful, not a signal of generic failure.

Step 4: Pagination

• Cursor-based by default. Opaque cursor string, limit, return nextCursor when more exists. Scales, stable under writes.
• Offset-based only when: dataset is small, user needs jump-to-page semantics (admin tables), and you're willing to accept stability drift.
• Never "return everything" as default. Put a hard upper bound on limit (e.g., 200).
• GraphQL: use Relay-style connections (edges, pageInfo) if the ecosystem expects it; otherwise a simpler {items, nextCursor} is fine.

Step 5: Error shape

Standardize one shape and use it everywhere. Example REST:

{
  "error": {
    "code": "user_not_found",
    "message": "No user with id 42",
    "details": { "userId": 42 },
    "requestId": "req_abc123"
  }
}

• code is machine-readable; stable; documented.
• message is human-readable; can change.
• details carries structured context.
• requestId lets callers report bugs.

Errors don't leak stack traces, file paths, or internal queries.

Step 6: Idempotency, caching, concurrency

• Idempotency keys for POST operations that mustn't double-execute on retry. Caller passes Idempotency-Key: <uuid>; server dedupes for a window.
• ETags for GET + conditional updates (If-Match on PUT/PATCH).
• Cache-Control on GETs that are safely cacheable.
• Optimistic concurrency: when multiple writers collide, 409 with the current state. Don't silently clobber.

Step 7: Versioning and evolution

• Additive changes are free: new optional fields, new endpoints, new optional query params.
• Breaking changes need a plan: path-versioned (/v2/), sunset headers on /v1/, deprecation window communicated. Or, for GraphQL, @deprecated on fields with a migration note.
• Document the contract: OpenAPI/GraphQL SDL. Keep it in the repo. Make it part of the PR that introduces the change.

Step 8: Review or write it up

If this is a review, produce findings in the same shape as security-review / review — file:line, category, recommendation.

If this is a new design, produce:

## <API name>

### Scope
<what the API is for, who calls it>

### Endpoints / Operations
- `POST /users` — create user. Request: `{email, name}`. Response 201: `{id, email, name, createdAt}` + `Location: /users/<id>`. Errors: 409 email taken, 422 invalid.
- ...

### Auth
<model + where to put the credential>

### Pagination
<cursor shape, max limit>

### Error shape
<one canonical shape>

### Idempotency / concurrency
<rules>

### Versioning
<stance + how breaking changes will be handled>

### OpenAPI / SDL
<link or inline>

Append architectural decisions to .gsd/DECISIONS.md.

• 200 OK with {"error": "..."}. Lies to caches, proxies, retry libraries.
• Unbounded list endpoints. GET /users without a limit cap will bite you.
• Offset pagination at scale. Drifts under writes; slow at high offsets.
• Free-form error messages with no code. Machine callers can't branch on prose.
• Breaking changes in-place. Callers break; versioning exists for a reason.
• Ignoring idempotency on retriable POSTs. Double-charges, duplicate records.
• Auth checks at the handler only, not the service layer. Defense in depth.

• Every endpoint/operation has named request, response, and error shapes.
• Status codes match HTTP semantics — no 200-with-error.
• List endpoints paginate; max limit is documented.
• A single error shape is used everywhere, with a machine-readable code.
• Versioning stance is stated — even if the answer is "additive only for now."
• OpenAPI/SDL reflects the design and lives in the repo.
• Decisions appear in .gsd/DECISIONS.md.