Property / Real Estate Transfer Tax Matrix v0.1
General reference only. This skill is general tax/accounting reference material for AI-assisted workflows. It has not been reviewed for any specific person's facts, documents, elections, deadlines, residency, filing status, or local procedures. Do not rely on it to file, pay, amend, or take a tax position without review by a qualified professional in the relevant jurisdiction.
What this file is
This file is a content skill that loads on top of cross-border-workflow-base. It implements every major real estate transfer tax regime globally as of mid-2025.
Tax year coverage. Current for calendar 2025, reflecting:
- UK SDLT post-1 April 2025 reform: residential 0% band reduced to GBP 125,000 (from GBP 250,000); first-time buyer threshold reduced; additional dwelling surcharge 5% (raised from 3% on 31 October 2024); non-resident surcharge 2%
- Scotland LBTT thresholds and ADS at 8% (from 5%)
- Wales LTT updated 2024-25
- Germany Grunderwerbsteuer rates vary by Land (3.5% Bayern/Sachsen → 6.5% NRW/SH/Brandenburg)
- Spain ITP/AJD vary by CCAA (6% Madrid → 10%+ Cataluña/Comunidad Valenciana)
- Italy registration tax at 2% (primary residence) or 9% (others) flat
- Singapore ABSD rates updated April 2023: 20% Singaporean second residential property; 30% PR; 60% foreign individual
- Canada — provincial foreign buyer rules + federal Underused Housing Tax (UHT)
- Australia — state foreign-purchaser surcharges (NSW 8%, VIC 8%, QLD 8%, WA 7%)
- Hong Kong AVD Scale 2 0.10%-4.25% for HK permanent resident first home; BSD 7.5% for non-PR / corporates; SSD up to 20% for disposal within 24 months
- Portugal IMT rates and exemptions
The reviewer is the customer of this output. Property transfer tax rates have material magnitude and often jurisdiction-specific surcharges. Every output must be reviewed by a credentialed local conveyancing solicitor / notary / tax practitioner before completion.
Section 1 — Scope statement
This skill covers:
- Buyer-side transfer tax on real estate acquisitions (residential and commercial)
- Foreign buyer surcharges
- Vacancy / second-home surcharges
- VAT vs transfer tax election rules (Italy, Spain, France new-build vs second-hand)
- Reliefs — first-time buyer, multiple-dwellings relief (MDR repealed UK June 2024), intra-group transfers, mixed-use
This skill does NOT cover:
- Annual property tax (Council Tax UK, Taxe foncière FR, IBI ES, IMU IT, Grundsteuer DE)
- Capital gains tax on disposal
- Property income tax
- VAT/GST on commercial new-build leases beyond binary in/out scope
- Stamp duty on shares of property-owning companies (see
stamp-duty-matrix.md)
Section 2 — UK — SDLT (England/NI), LBTT (Scotland), LTT (Wales)
2.1 England and Northern Ireland — SDLT
[T1] Post-1 April 2025 residential rates (single dwelling, no surcharge):
| Band |
Rate |
| 0 — GBP 125,000 |
0% |
| GBP 125,001 — 250,000 |
2% |
| GBP 250,001 — 925,000 |
5% |
| GBP 925,001 — 1.5m |
10% |
| > GBP 1.5m |
12% |
[T1] First-time buyer relief (post-1 April 2025):
- 0% to GBP 300,000 (cut from GBP 425,000)
- 5% on GBP 300,001 — 500,000
- No relief if total consideration > GBP 500,000
[T1] Additional dwelling surcharge: +5% on each band for additional residential property (raised from 3% on 31 October 2024; FA 2024 amendments).
[T1] Non-resident surcharge: +2% on each band for non-UK residents.
[T1] Maximum rate stacking: 12% + 5% (ADS) + 2% (non-resident) = 19% top marginal rate on properties > GBP 1.5m for non-resident purchasers of additional dwellings.
[T1] Non-residential / mixed-use rates:
| Band |
Rate |
| 0 — GBP 150,000 |
0% |
| GBP 150,001 — 250,000 |
2% |
| > GBP 250,000 |
5% |
[T1] Reliefs:
- Multiple Dwellings Relief (MDR) — repealed for transactions on or after 1 June 2024 (FA(No.2) 2024)
- Group relief (Schedule 7) for 75%+ common-ownership groups
- Charity relief
- Acquisition relief (s.62)
- Sub-sale relief (s.45)
- Filing: SDLT1 within 14 days of effective date
2.2 Scotland — LBTT
[T1] Residential rates 2025/26:
| Band |
Rate |
| 0 — GBP 145,000 |
0% |
| GBP 145,001 — 250,000 |
2% |
| GBP 250,001 — 325,000 |
5% |
| GBP 325,001 — 750,000 |
10% |
| > GBP 750,000 |
12% |
[T1] Additional Dwelling Supplement (ADS): 8% (raised from 5% in 2024) on additional dwelling acquisitions > GBP 40,000.
[T1] First-time buyer relief: 0% to GBP 175,000.
2.3 Wales — LTT
[T1] Residential rates from 11 December 2024:
| Band |
Rate (main) |
Rate (higher rate / additional dwelling) |
| 0 — GBP 225,000 |
0% |
5% |
| GBP 225,001 — 400,000 |
6% |
11% |
| GBP 400,001 — 750,000 |
7.5% |
12.5% |
| GBP 750,001 — 1.5m |
10% |
15% |
| > GBP 1.5m |
12% |
17% |
Section 3 — Germany — Grunderwerbsteuer (GrESt)
[T1] Rates by Land (set by each federal state; range 3.5% — 6.5%):
| Land |
Rate |
| Bayern, Sachsen |
3.5% |
| Hamburg |
4.5% (raised from 5.5% as of 1 January 2024 — confirm direction) |
| Bremen |
5% |
| Niedersachsen |
5% |
| Sachsen-Anhalt |
5% |
| Mecklenburg-Vorpommern |
6% |
| Thüringen |
5% |
| Rheinland-Pfalz |
5% |
| Berlin |
6% |
| Hessen |
6% |
| Baden-Württemberg |
5% |
| Saarland |
6.5% |
| Schleswig-Holstein |
6.5% |
| Nordrhein-Westfalen |
6.5% |
| Brandenburg |
6.5% |
[T1] Exemptions (§3 GrEStG):
- Acquisitions ≤ EUR 2,500
- Acquisitions by spouse / registered partner / descendants in direct line
- Acquisitions on inheritance / division of estate
- Restructuring and intra-group reorganisations under §§5-7 (75%+ common ownership; complex)
[T1] Share deals — anti-abuse rule (§1 Abs. 2a, 2b, 3 GrEStG): transferring ≥ 90% of shares in a real-estate-owning company / partnership over a 10-year period triggers GrESt at the share-deal level (reduced from 95% in 2021 reform).
[T1] Filing: notary submits Verlangen to Finanzamt; tax assessment issued; payment within 1 month.
Section 4 — Spain — ITP and AJD
4.1 ITP (Impuesto de Transmisiones Patrimoniales)
[T1] Applies to second-hand property purchases. Rates set by each Comunidad Autónoma.
| CCAA |
Rate (illustrative) |
| Madrid |
6% (one of lowest) |
| Andalucía |
7% |
| Valencia |
10% (raised from 6% in 2023) |
| Cataluña |
10% (11% above EUR 1m) |
| Galicia |
9% |
| Aragón |
8% |
| Asturias |
8% — 10% by band |
| Murcia |
8% |
| Castilla-La Mancha |
9% |
| Extremadura |
8% — 11% |
| Baleares |
8% — 13% |
| Canarias |
6.5% — 8% |
4.2 AJD (Actos Jurídicos Documentados)
[T1] Applies to new-build (where VAT/IVA also applies) and certain documented transactions. Rate by CCAA: typically 0.5%-1.5% (max 2.5% in some CCAA).
4.3 New-build (with IVA)
[T1] New-build residential: 10% IVA + 1.5% AJD typical (Madrid 0.75% AJD; some CCAA 2%).
Section 5 — France — DMTO (Droits de Mutation à Titre Onéreux)
[T1] Combined transfer tax, generally 5.81% of purchase price (with minor variation by département):
- Departmental rate: 4.50% (cap; can be reduced)
- Communal rate: 1.20%
- "Frais d'assiette" 2.37% on departmental rate
- Total typically ~5.81%
[T1] Reduced rate for first-time purchases: not generally available.
[T1] New-build properties (< 5 years old, first sale): VAT (20%) applies; reduced DMTO at 0.715% of purchase price.
[T1] Reliefs:
- Acquisitions by SCI familiale: certain registration relief
- Transfers between spouses on divorce
- Acquisitions of forests / agricultural land (specific reductions)
[T1] Notary handles all formalities; tax due at signing of acte authentique.
Section 6 — Italy — Imposta di registro / IVA on new build
6.1 Second-hand residential
[T1]
- Primary residence ("prima casa"): registration tax 2% of cadastral value (not purchase price); ipotecaria EUR 50; catastale EUR 50
- Non-primary residence: registration tax 9% of cadastral value; ipotecaria EUR 50; catastale EUR 50
6.2 New-build residential (with VAT)
- Primary residence: VAT 4% of purchase price; registration EUR 200; ipotecaria EUR 200; catastale EUR 200
- Non-primary: VAT 10% (luxury 22%) of purchase price; registration EUR 200; ipotecaria EUR 200; catastale EUR 200
6.3 Commercial
- Registration 9% of cadastral value, OR VAT 22% election available if seller is VAT-registered enterprise
6.4 Primary residence qualifying conditions
- Buyer is not owner of another habitation in the same municipality
- Buyer does not already own a "prima casa" anywhere (or sells within 1 year of acquisition)
- Property is not "of luxury" (categories A/1, A/8, A/9 of cadaster)
- Buyer is resident or becomes resident within 18 months
Section 7 — Netherlands — Overdrachtsbelasting
[T1]
- First-home buyer (Starters): 0% if buyer 18-35 years old, purchase ≤ EUR 525,000, first home, declared to use as own residence
- Owner-occupier non-starter: 2%
- All other (investor, second home, commercial): 10.4% (raised from 8% in 2023)
[T1] Filing: notary handles; collected at execution of deed.
Section 8 — Portugal — IMT (Imposto Municipal sobre as Transmissões Onerosas)
[T1] Urban property for permanent residence — progressive rates:
| Value |
Marginal Rate |
| 0 — EUR 104,261 |
0% |
| EUR 104,261 — EUR 142,618 |
2% |
| EUR 142,618 — EUR 194,458 |
5% |
| EUR 194,458 — EUR 324,058 |
7% |
| EUR 324,058 — EUR 648,022 |
8% |
| EUR 648,022 — EUR 1,128,287 |
10% (Madeira / Açores adjusted) |
| > EUR 1,128,287 |
6% flat (yes — it goes down at the top; quirk of regime) |
[T1] Second residential / investment: 1% to 8% progressive plus flat 8% above EUR 1.13m.
[T1] Commercial / rustic: 5% / 6.5% / others.
[T1] Imposto do Selo on real estate transactions: 0.8%.
Section 9 — Asia-Pacific
9.1 Singapore — BSD + ABSD + SSD
[T1] Buyer's Stamp Duty (BSD) — applies to all buyers:
| Value |
Residential |
Non-residential |
| 0 — SGD 180,000 |
1% |
1% |
| 180,001 — 360,000 |
2% |
2% |
| 360,001 — 1,000,000 |
3% |
3% |
| 1,000,001 — 1,500,000 |
4% |
4% |
| 1,500,001 — 3,000,000 |
5% |
5% |
| > 3,000,000 |
6% |
5% |
[T1] Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty (ABSD) — applies in addition to BSD:
| Buyer profile |
Residential ABSD rate |
| Singapore citizen — first home |
0% |
| Singapore citizen — second home |
20% |
| Singapore citizen — third+ home |
30% |
| Permanent resident — first home |
5% |
| Permanent resident — second home |
30% |
| Permanent resident — third+ home |
35% |
| Foreign individual |
60% |
| Trust acquisition |
65% |
| Entities (corporates, etc.) |
65% |
| Housing developers (after qualifying conditions) |
35% remitted on completion within 5 years |
[T1] Seller's Stamp Duty (SSD) — disposal within holding period:
- ≤ 1 year: 12% on residential / 5% on industrial
- ≤ 2 years: 8%
- ≤ 3 years: 4%
3 years: 0%
9.2 Hong Kong — AVD + BSD + SSD
[T1] Ad Valorem Stamp Duty (AVD) — Scale 1 (additional dwelling / non-PR / corporate) abolished October 2023; Scale 2 applies now to all individual buyers irrespective of permanent residence status:
| Value |
Rate (Scale 2 / Standard) |
| ≤ HKD 3m |
HKD 100 |
| HKD 3,000,001 — 3,528,240 |
sliding |
| HKD 3,528,240 — 4,500,000 |
1.5% |
| HKD 4,500,000 — 6,000,000 |
2.25% |
| HKD 6,000,000 — 9,000,000 |
3.00% |
| HKD 9,000,000 — 20,000,000 |
3.75% |
| > HKD 20,000,000 |
4.25% |
[T1] BSD (Buyer's Stamp Duty for non-permanent-resident / corporate) — abolished October 2023 (was 7.5%).
[T1] SSD (Special Stamp Duty) on disposal within 24 months — also abolished October 2023.
Net effect 2025: Hong Kong property transfer tax for non-residents is now identical to residents, at Scale 2 rates.
9.3 Australia — state-level transfer duty
[T1] Each state and territory has its own duty:
| State |
Standard duty |
Foreign buyer surcharge |
| NSW |
1.25% — 7% progressive |
8% (raised from 8% 2023) |
| Victoria |
2.4% — 6.5% |
8% |
| Queensland |
1.5% — 5.75% |
8% |
| WA |
1.9% — 5.15% |
7% |
| SA |
1% — 5.5% |
7% |
| Tasmania |
1.75% — 4.5% |
8% (additional 8% land tax surcharge) |
| ACT |
1.5% — 4.5% (currently being phased out) |
0% |
| NT |
1.5% — 5.95% |
0% |
[T1] Land Tax Surcharge — separate annual tax on foreign owners in NSW (4%), VIC (4%), QLD (3%), WA, Tasmania.
9.4 New Zealand
[T1] No stamp duty on property since 1999. Bright-line test (income tax on disposal within 2 years; 10 years for property acquired between 27/3/2021 and 30/6/2024). Foreign buyer ban under Overseas Investment Act 2018 with limited exemptions.
9.5 Japan
[T1] Real Estate Acquisition Tax (不動産取得税) — 3% land / 4% buildings (prefecture-administered). Plus registration tax (登録免許税) 1.5%-2%. Cadastral value × rate.
Section 10 — Canada — provincial transfer duty + UHT
10.1 Provincial land transfer tax (LTT)
| Province |
Rate |
| Ontario |
0.5% — 2.5% progressive; plus Toronto MLTT (additional 0.5%-2.5% in Toronto); plus NRST 25% for non-residents (raised from 20% in March 2022) |
| British Columbia |
1% — 5% progressive; plus Additional Property Transfer Tax (APTT) 20% for foreign buyers in specified regions |
| Quebec — "Welcome Tax" |
0.5% — 3% progressive; municipally administered |
| Alberta |
No LTT (registration fees only) |
| Saskatchewan |
Title transfer fees only |
| Manitoba |
0.5% — 2% progressive |
| Nova Scotia |
0.5% — 1.5% municipally |
| PEI, NB, NL |
Various; relatively low |
10.2 Federal — Underused Housing Tax (UHT)
[T1] UHT (Act CRA, 2022): 1% annual tax on the assessed value of underused / vacant residential property in Canada owned by non-resident, non-Canadian persons. Filing required even when exemption applies. Specific exemptions for: trust ownership, corporate Canadian ownership (≥10%), primary place of residence, qualifying occupancy.
10.3 BC — Speculation and Vacancy Tax
[T1] 0.5% (Canadian) / 2% (non-Canadian) annual tax on residential property in specified regions left vacant > 6 months.
10.4 Toronto / Vancouver / Montreal — vacant home taxes
Municipal: Toronto 3%, Vancouver 3%, etc.
Section 11 — Edge cases and special rules
11.1 Multiple dwellings relief (UK) — REPEALED 2024
MDR was previously available where a transaction involved more than one dwelling, allowing the buyer to compute SDLT on the average price. Abolished for transactions with effective date on or after 1 June 2024 (FA(No.2) 2024). Pre-1 June 2024 transactions may still claim.
11.2 Share-deal anti-abuse
Major jurisdictions tax indirect transfer of real estate via share transfer:
- UK — no equivalent at federal level but "land-rich" SDLT charge exists at restructuring level via group relief abuse rules
- Germany — §1 Abs. 2a, 2b, 3 GrEStG: 90%+ share transfer over 10 years
- France — Article 726 CGI: SCI/SCPI partnership-style entities are subject to 5% droits d'enregistrement on share transfer if real-estate-rich
- Spain — Article 314 LMV anti-abuse: share transfer of real-estate-rich companies treated as direct property transfer for ITP
- Singapore — ACD: Up to 65% top duty for property-rich entity transfers
- Australia — Landholder duty in NSW, VIC, QLD, WA on acquisitions of "landholder" entities
11.3 Intra-group relief
Most jurisdictions allow exemption / reduced rate for intra-group transfers within 75%+ commonly owned groups. Documentary and continuing-ownership requirements (typically 3-7 years post-transfer) apply. Failure to maintain triggers clawback.
11.4 First-time buyer reliefs
- UK (England/NI): 0% to GBP 300,000 (post-1 April 2025)
- Scotland LBTT: 0% to GBP 175,000
- Ireland: Help-to-Buy income tax rebate up to EUR 30,000
- Netherlands: 0% if age 18-35, ≤ EUR 525,000
- France: Reduced DMTO in certain départements (rare)
11.5 Foreign buyer overlay — fast-changing
Many jurisdictions have introduced foreign buyer surcharges since 2017. The landscape changes annually. Confirm before quoting:
- UK: 2% non-resident SDLT
- Singapore: 60% ABSD
- Hong Kong: abolished October 2023
- Canada: 25% (ON) / 20% (BC) NRST plus federal UHT
- Australia: 7-8% state surcharges
- New Zealand: outright purchase ban
Section 12 — Output specification
The reviewer brief must include:
- Property classification — residential / commercial / agricultural / mixed-use
- Purchaser profile — resident / non-resident, first-time buyer, individual / corporate / trust
- Existing portfolio — does the buyer already own additional dwellings?
- Rate analysis per jurisdiction with bracket-by-bracket SDLT/LBTT/LTT/Grunderwerbsteuer/ITP/etc
- Foreign buyer surcharge if applicable
- Relief analysis — first-time buyer, intra-group, charity, MDR (pre-1 June 2024 UK only)
- VAT vs transfer tax election for new-build properties
- Anti-abuse for share deals if relevant
- Annual ongoing surcharges (UK ATED, BC SVT, Toronto vacant home, etc.) — flag for separate scope
- Filing schedule and deadlines per jurisdiction
- Reviewer questions — open items flagged as [T2] or [T3]
Section 13 — Self-checks
Section 14 — Prohibitions
- Do not quote pre-1-April-2025 SDLT thresholds for England/NI residential — they have changed.
- Do not apply pre-31-October-2024 ADS rate of 3% — current rate is 5%.
- Do not claim Multiple Dwellings Relief for transactions effective 1 June 2024 or later.
- Do not quote Hong Kong's BSD or SSD as in force — both were abolished October 2023.
- Do not advise that a German share-deal escapes Grunderwerbsteuer if ≥90% of shares change over 10 years — the §1 Abs. 2a/2b/3 anti-abuse rule applies.
- Do not treat trusts and corporates the same as individual buyers for ABSD / land surcharges — special, usually higher rates apply.
Section 15 — Disclaimer
This skill and its outputs are provided for informational and computational purposes only and do not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. Property transfer tax rules change frequently with budget cycles and have material magnitude in transactions. Every output must be reviewed and signed off by a credentialed local conveyancing solicitor / notary / tax practitioner before completion.
The most up-to-date, verified version of this skill is maintained at openaccountants.com.
Source: OpenAccountants — open tax Guides for AI, reviewed by named CPAs/CAs/EAs. Quality: source-cited draft. For always-current figures and named-accountant backing, connect the OpenAccountants MCP server (openaccountants-mcp).
1---2name: property-transfer-tax-matrix3description: > Use this skill whenever a property transaction triggers a tax on the transfer of real estate. Trigger on phrases like "SDLT", "stamp duty land tax", "ADS additional dwelling supplement", "LBTT", "LTT", "Grunderwerbsteuer", "GrESt", "DMTO droits de mutation", "imposta di registro", "ITP impuesto transmisiones patrimoniales", "AJD actos jurídicos documentados", "IVA on new build", "IMT Portugal", "transfer duty South Africa", "land transfer tax Ontario", "Welcome tax Quebec", "ABSD additional buyer's stamp duty", "BSD buyer's stamp duty", "Hong Kong AVD", "stamp duty NSW", "VIC", "QLD", "WA", "foreign buyer surcharge", "vacancy tax", "RETT", or any request to compute property purchase or transfer tax. Maps every major property transfer tax regime including special foreign-buyer surcharges (Canada, Australia, Singapore, NZ), regional variation in Germany (16 Länder), Spain (17 CCAA), Italy (categories of buyer/property), and the UK's four-rate jurisdictional split (England SDLT, Scotland LBTT, Wales LTT,…4license: AGPL-3.0-or-later (code) / OpenAccountants Guide License v1.0 (c5---67# Property / Real Estate Transfer Tax Matrix v0.189> **General reference only.** This skill is general tax/accounting reference material for AI-assisted workflows. It has not been reviewed for any specific person's facts, documents, elections, deadlines, residency, filing status, or local procedures. Do not rely on it to file, pay, amend, or take a tax position without review by a qualified professional in the relevant jurisdiction.1011## What this file is1213**This file is a content skill that loads on top of `cross-border-workflow-base`.** It implements every major real estate transfer tax regime globally as of mid-2025.1415**Tax year coverage.** Current for **calendar 2025**, reflecting:16- **UK SDLT** post-1 April 2025 reform: residential 0% band reduced to GBP 125,000 (from GBP 250,000); first-time buyer threshold reduced; additional dwelling surcharge 5% (raised from 3% on 31 October 2024); non-resident surcharge 2%17- **Scotland LBTT** thresholds and ADS at 8% (from 5%)18- **Wales LTT** updated 2024-2519- **Germany Grunderwerbsteuer** rates vary by Land (3.5% Bayern/Sachsen → 6.5% NRW/SH/Brandenburg)20- **Spain ITP/AJD** vary by CCAA (6% Madrid → 10%+ Cataluña/Comunidad Valenciana)21- **Italy registration tax** at 2% (primary residence) or 9% (others) flat22- **Singapore ABSD** rates updated April 2023: 20% Singaporean second residential property; 30% PR; 60% foreign individual23- **Canada — provincial foreign buyer rules** + federal Underused Housing Tax (UHT)24- **Australia — state foreign-purchaser surcharges** (NSW 8%, VIC 8%, QLD 8%, WA 7%)25- **Hong Kong AVD** Scale 2 0.10%-4.25% for HK permanent resident first home; BSD 7.5% for non-PR / corporates; SSD up to 20% for disposal within 24 months26- **Portugal IMT** rates and exemptions2728**The reviewer is the customer of this output.** Property transfer tax rates have material magnitude and often jurisdiction-specific surcharges. Every output must be reviewed by a credentialed local conveyancing solicitor / notary / tax practitioner before completion.2930---3132## Section 1 — Scope statement3334This skill covers:3536- **Buyer-side transfer tax** on real estate acquisitions (residential and commercial)37- **Foreign buyer surcharges**38- **Vacancy / second-home surcharges**39- **VAT vs transfer tax** election rules (Italy, Spain, France new-build vs second-hand)40- **Reliefs** — first-time buyer, multiple-dwellings relief (MDR repealed UK June 2024), intra-group transfers, mixed-use4142This skill does NOT cover:4344- **Annual property tax** (Council Tax UK, Taxe foncière FR, IBI ES, IMU IT, Grundsteuer DE)45- **Capital gains tax on disposal**46- **Property income tax**47- **VAT/GST on commercial new-build leases** beyond binary in/out scope48- **Stamp duty on shares** of property-owning companies (see `stamp-duty-matrix.md`)4950---5152## Section 2 — UK — SDLT (England/NI), LBTT (Scotland), LTT (Wales)5354### 2.1 England and Northern Ireland — SDLT5556**[T1] Post-1 April 2025 residential rates (single dwelling, no surcharge):**5758| Band | Rate |59|---|---|60| 0 — GBP 125,000 | 0% |61| GBP 125,001 — 250,000 | 2% |62| GBP 250,001 — 925,000 | 5% |63| GBP 925,001 — 1.5m | 10% |64| > GBP 1.5m | 12% |6566**[T1] First-time buyer relief** (post-1 April 2025):67- 0% to GBP 300,000 (cut from GBP 425,000)68- 5% on GBP 300,001 — 500,00069- No relief if total consideration > GBP 500,0007071**[T1] Additional dwelling surcharge:** **+5%** on each band for additional residential property (raised from 3% on 31 October 2024; FA 2024 amendments).7273**[T1] Non-resident surcharge:** +2% on each band for non-UK residents.7475**[T1] Maximum rate stacking:** 12% + 5% (ADS) + 2% (non-resident) = **19%** top marginal rate on properties > GBP 1.5m for non-resident purchasers of additional dwellings.7677**[T1] Non-residential / mixed-use rates:**7879| Band | Rate |80|---|---|81| 0 — GBP 150,000 | 0% |82| GBP 150,001 — 250,000 | 2% |83| > GBP 250,000 | 5% |8485**[T1] Reliefs:**86- Multiple Dwellings Relief (MDR) — **repealed for transactions on or after 1 June 2024** (FA(No.2) 2024)87- Group relief (Schedule 7) for 75%+ common-ownership groups88- Charity relief89- Acquisition relief (s.62)90- Sub-sale relief (s.45)91- Filing: SDLT1 within 14 days of effective date9293### 2.2 Scotland — LBTT9495**[T1] Residential rates 2025/26:**9697| Band | Rate |98|---|---|99| 0 — GBP 145,000 | 0% |100| GBP 145,001 — 250,000 | 2% |101| GBP 250,001 — 325,000 | 5% |102| GBP 325,001 — 750,000 | 10% |103| > GBP 750,000 | 12% |104105**[T1] Additional Dwelling Supplement (ADS):** **8%** (raised from 5% in 2024) on additional dwelling acquisitions > GBP 40,000.106107**[T1] First-time buyer relief:** 0% to GBP 175,000.108109### 2.3 Wales — LTT110111**[T1] Residential rates from 11 December 2024:**112113| Band | Rate (main) | Rate (higher rate / additional dwelling) |114|---|---|---|115| 0 — GBP 225,000 | 0% | 5% |116| GBP 225,001 — 400,000 | 6% | 11% |117| GBP 400,001 — 750,000 | 7.5% | 12.5% |118| GBP 750,001 — 1.5m | 10% | 15% |119| > GBP 1.5m | 12% | 17% |120121---122123## Section 3 — Germany — Grunderwerbsteuer (GrESt)124125**[T1] Rates by Land** (set by each federal state; range 3.5% — 6.5%):126127| Land | Rate |128|---|---|129| **Bayern, Sachsen** | 3.5% |130| **Hamburg** | 4.5% (raised from 5.5% as of 1 January 2024 — confirm direction) |131| **Bremen** | 5% |132| **Niedersachsen** | 5% |133| **Sachsen-Anhalt** | 5% |134| **Mecklenburg-Vorpommern** | 6% |135| **Thüringen** | 5% |136| **Rheinland-Pfalz** | 5% |137| **Berlin** | 6% |138| **Hessen** | 6% |139| **Baden-Württemberg** | 5% |140| **Saarland** | 6.5% |141| **Schleswig-Holstein** | 6.5% |142| **Nordrhein-Westfalen** | 6.5% |143| **Brandenburg** | 6.5% |144145**[T1] Exemptions (§3 GrEStG):**146- Acquisitions ≤ EUR 2,500147- Acquisitions by spouse / registered partner / descendants in direct line148- Acquisitions on inheritance / division of estate149- Restructuring and intra-group reorganisations under §§5-7 (75%+ common ownership; complex)150151**[T1] Share deals — anti-abuse rule (§1 Abs. 2a, 2b, 3 GrEStG):** transferring ≥ 90% of shares in a real-estate-owning company / partnership over a 10-year period triggers GrESt at the share-deal level (reduced from 95% in 2021 reform).152153**[T1] Filing:** notary submits Verlangen to Finanzamt; tax assessment issued; payment within 1 month.154155---156157## Section 4 — Spain — ITP and AJD158159### 4.1 ITP (Impuesto de Transmisiones Patrimoniales)160161**[T1]** Applies to second-hand property purchases. Rates set by each Comunidad Autónoma.162163| CCAA | Rate (illustrative) |164|---|---|165| **Madrid** | 6% (one of lowest) |166| **Andalucía** | 7% |167| **Valencia** | 10% (raised from 6% in 2023) |168| **Cataluña** | 10% (11% above EUR 1m) |169| **Galicia** | 9% |170| **Aragón** | 8% |171| **Asturias** | 8% — 10% by band |172| **Murcia** | 8% |173| **Castilla-La Mancha** | 9% |174| **Extremadura** | 8% — 11% |175| **Baleares** | 8% — 13% |176| **Canarias** | 6.5% — 8% |177178### 4.2 AJD (Actos Jurídicos Documentados)179180**[T1]** Applies to new-build (where VAT/IVA also applies) and certain documented transactions. Rate by CCAA: typically 0.5%-1.5% (max 2.5% in some CCAA).181182### 4.3 New-build (with IVA)183184**[T1]** New-build residential: 10% IVA + 1.5% AJD typical (Madrid 0.75% AJD; some CCAA 2%).185186---187188## Section 5 — France — DMTO (Droits de Mutation à Titre Onéreux)189190**[T1]** Combined transfer tax, generally **5.81%** of purchase price (with minor variation by département):191- Departmental rate: 4.50% (cap; can be reduced)192- Communal rate: 1.20%193- "Frais d'assiette" 2.37% on departmental rate194- Total typically ~5.81%195196**[T1] Reduced rate for first-time purchases**: not generally available.197198**[T1] New-build properties** (< 5 years old, first sale): VAT (20%) applies; reduced DMTO at **0.715%** of purchase price.199200**[T1] Reliefs:**201- Acquisitions by SCI familiale: certain registration relief202- Transfers between spouses on divorce203- Acquisitions of forests / agricultural land (specific reductions)204205**[T1]** Notary handles all formalities; tax due at signing of acte authentique.206207---208209## Section 6 — Italy — Imposta di registro / IVA on new build210211### 6.1 Second-hand residential212213**[T1]**214215- **Primary residence ("prima casa")**: registration tax 2% of cadastral value (not purchase price); ipotecaria EUR 50; catastale EUR 50216- **Non-primary residence**: registration tax 9% of cadastral value; ipotecaria EUR 50; catastale EUR 50217218### 6.2 New-build residential (with VAT)219220- **Primary residence**: VAT 4% of purchase price; registration EUR 200; ipotecaria EUR 200; catastale EUR 200221- **Non-primary**: VAT 10% (luxury 22%) of purchase price; registration EUR 200; ipotecaria EUR 200; catastale EUR 200222223### 6.3 Commercial224225- Registration 9% of cadastral value, OR VAT 22% election available if seller is VAT-registered enterprise226227### 6.4 Primary residence qualifying conditions228229- Buyer is not owner of another habitation in the same municipality230- Buyer does not already own a "prima casa" anywhere (or sells within 1 year of acquisition)231- Property is not "of luxury" (categories A/1, A/8, A/9 of cadaster)232- Buyer is resident or becomes resident within 18 months233234---235236## Section 7 — Netherlands — Overdrachtsbelasting237238**[T1]**239240- **First-home buyer (Starters)**: 0% if buyer 18-35 years old, purchase ≤ EUR 525,000, first home, declared to use as own residence241- **Owner-occupier non-starter**: 2%242- **All other (investor, second home, commercial)**: 10.4% (raised from 8% in 2023)243244**[T1] Filing:** notary handles; collected at execution of deed.245246---247248## Section 8 — Portugal — IMT (Imposto Municipal sobre as Transmissões Onerosas)249250**[T1] Urban property for permanent residence — progressive rates:**251252| Value | Marginal Rate |253|---|---|254| 0 — EUR 104,261 | 0% |255| EUR 104,261 — EUR 142,618 | 2% |256| EUR 142,618 — EUR 194,458 | 5% |257| EUR 194,458 — EUR 324,058 | 7% |258| EUR 324,058 — EUR 648,022 | 8% |259| EUR 648,022 — EUR 1,128,287 | 10% (Madeira / Açores adjusted) |260| > EUR 1,128,287 | 6% flat (yes — it goes down at the top; quirk of regime) |261262**[T1] Second residential / investment**: 1% to 8% progressive plus flat 8% above EUR 1.13m.263264**[T1] Commercial / rustic**: 5% / 6.5% / others.265266**[T1] Imposto do Selo on real estate transactions**: 0.8%.267268---269270## Section 9 — Asia-Pacific271272### 9.1 Singapore — BSD + ABSD + SSD273274**[T1] Buyer's Stamp Duty (BSD) — applies to all buyers:**275276| Value | Residential | Non-residential |277|---|---|---|278| 0 — SGD 180,000 | 1% | 1% |279| 180,001 — 360,000 | 2% | 2% |280| 360,001 — 1,000,000 | 3% | 3% |281| 1,000,001 — 1,500,000 | 4% | 4% |282| 1,500,001 — 3,000,000 | 5% | 5% |283| > 3,000,000 | 6% | 5% |284285**[T1] Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty (ABSD) — applies in addition to BSD:**286287| Buyer profile | Residential ABSD rate |288|---|---|289| Singapore citizen — first home | 0% |290| Singapore citizen — second home | 20% |291| Singapore citizen — third+ home | 30% |292| Permanent resident — first home | 5% |293| Permanent resident — second home | 30% |294| Permanent resident — third+ home | 35% |295| Foreign individual | **60%** |296| Trust acquisition | 65% |297| Entities (corporates, etc.) | 65% |298| Housing developers (after qualifying conditions) | 35% remitted on completion within 5 years |299300**[T1] Seller's Stamp Duty (SSD) — disposal within holding period:**301- ≤ 1 year: 12% on residential / 5% on industrial302- ≤ 2 years: 8%303- ≤ 3 years: 4%304- > 3 years: 0%305306### 9.2 Hong Kong — AVD + BSD + SSD307308**[T1] Ad Valorem Stamp Duty (AVD) — Scale 1 (additional dwelling / non-PR / corporate) abolished October 2023; Scale 2 applies now to all individual buyers irrespective of permanent residence status:**309310| Value | Rate (Scale 2 / Standard) |311|---|---|312| ≤ HKD 3m | HKD 100 |313| HKD 3,000,001 — 3,528,240 | sliding |314| HKD 3,528,240 — 4,500,000 | 1.5% |315| HKD 4,500,000 — 6,000,000 | 2.25% |316| HKD 6,000,000 — 9,000,000 | 3.00% |317| HKD 9,000,000 — 20,000,000 | 3.75% |318| > HKD 20,000,000 | 4.25% |319320**[T1] BSD (Buyer's Stamp Duty for non-permanent-resident / corporate)** — **abolished October 2023** (was 7.5%).321322**[T1] SSD (Special Stamp Duty) on disposal within 24 months — also abolished October 2023.**323324**Net effect 2025:** Hong Kong property transfer tax for non-residents is now identical to residents, at Scale 2 rates.325326### 9.3 Australia — state-level transfer duty327328**[T1] Each state and territory has its own duty:**329330| State | Standard duty | Foreign buyer surcharge |331|---|---|---|332| **NSW** | 1.25% — 7% progressive | 8% (raised from 8% 2023) |333| **Victoria** | 2.4% — 6.5% | 8% |334| **Queensland** | 1.5% — 5.75% | 8% |335| **WA** | 1.9% — 5.15% | 7% |336| **SA** | 1% — 5.5% | 7% |337| **Tasmania** | 1.75% — 4.5% | 8% (additional 8% land tax surcharge) |338| **ACT** | 1.5% — 4.5% (currently being phased out) | 0% |339| **NT** | 1.5% — 5.95% | 0% |340341**[T1] Land Tax Surcharge** — separate annual tax on foreign owners in NSW (4%), VIC (4%), QLD (3%), WA, Tasmania.342343### 9.4 New Zealand344345**[T1]** No stamp duty on property since 1999. Bright-line test (income tax on disposal within 2 years; 10 years for property acquired between 27/3/2021 and 30/6/2024). **Foreign buyer ban under Overseas Investment Act 2018** with limited exemptions.346347### 9.5 Japan348349**[T1] Real Estate Acquisition Tax (不動産取得税)** — 3% land / 4% buildings (prefecture-administered). Plus registration tax (登録免許税) 1.5%-2%. Cadastral value × rate.350351---352353## Section 10 — Canada — provincial transfer duty + UHT354355### 10.1 Provincial land transfer tax (LTT)356357| Province | Rate |358|---|---|359| **Ontario** | 0.5% — 2.5% progressive; **plus Toronto MLTT** (additional 0.5%-2.5% in Toronto); plus **NRST 25%** for non-residents (raised from 20% in March 2022) |360| **British Columbia** | 1% — 5% progressive; **plus Additional Property Transfer Tax (APTT) 20%** for foreign buyers in specified regions |361| **Quebec — "Welcome Tax"** | 0.5% — 3% progressive; municipally administered |362| **Alberta** | No LTT (registration fees only) |363| **Saskatchewan** | Title transfer fees only |364| **Manitoba** | 0.5% — 2% progressive |365| **Nova Scotia** | 0.5% — 1.5% municipally |366| **PEI, NB, NL** | Various; relatively low |367368### 10.2 Federal — Underused Housing Tax (UHT)369370**[T1] UHT** (Act CRA, 2022): **1% annual tax** on the assessed value of underused / vacant residential property in Canada owned by **non-resident, non-Canadian persons**. Filing required even when exemption applies. Specific exemptions for: trust ownership, corporate Canadian ownership (≥10%), primary place of residence, qualifying occupancy.371372### 10.3 BC — Speculation and Vacancy Tax373374**[T1]** 0.5% (Canadian) / 2% (non-Canadian) annual tax on residential property in specified regions left vacant > 6 months.375376### 10.4 Toronto / Vancouver / Montreal — vacant home taxes377378Municipal: Toronto 3%, Vancouver 3%, etc.379380---381382## Section 11 — Edge cases and special rules383384### 11.1 Multiple dwellings relief (UK) — REPEALED 2024385386MDR was previously available where a transaction involved more than one dwelling, allowing the buyer to compute SDLT on the average price. **Abolished for transactions with effective date on or after 1 June 2024** (FA(No.2) 2024). Pre-1 June 2024 transactions may still claim.387388### 11.2 Share-deal anti-abuse389390Major jurisdictions tax indirect transfer of real estate via share transfer:391- **UK** — no equivalent at federal level but "land-rich" SDLT charge exists at restructuring level via group relief abuse rules392- **Germany** — §1 Abs. 2a, 2b, 3 GrEStG: 90%+ share transfer over 10 years393- **France** — Article 726 CGI: SCI/SCPI partnership-style entities are subject to 5% droits d'enregistrement on share transfer if real-estate-rich394- **Spain** — Article 314 LMV anti-abuse: share transfer of real-estate-rich companies treated as direct property transfer for ITP395- **Singapore — ACD**: Up to 65% top duty for property-rich entity transfers396- **Australia — Landholder duty** in NSW, VIC, QLD, WA on acquisitions of "landholder" entities397398### 11.3 Intra-group relief399400Most jurisdictions allow exemption / reduced rate for intra-group transfers within 75%+ commonly owned groups. Documentary and continuing-ownership requirements (typically 3-7 years post-transfer) apply. Failure to maintain triggers clawback.401402### 11.4 First-time buyer reliefs403404- **UK** (England/NI): 0% to GBP 300,000 (post-1 April 2025)405- **Scotland LBTT**: 0% to GBP 175,000406- **Ireland**: Help-to-Buy income tax rebate up to EUR 30,000407- **Netherlands**: 0% if age 18-35, ≤ EUR 525,000408- **France**: Reduced DMTO in certain départements (rare)409410### 11.5 Foreign buyer overlay — fast-changing411412Many jurisdictions have introduced foreign buyer surcharges since 2017. The landscape changes annually. Confirm before quoting:413- UK: 2% non-resident SDLT414- Singapore: 60% ABSD415- Hong Kong: abolished October 2023416- Canada: 25% (ON) / 20% (BC) NRST plus federal UHT417- Australia: 7-8% state surcharges418- New Zealand: outright purchase ban419420---421422## Section 12 — Output specification423424The reviewer brief must include:4254261. **Property classification** — residential / commercial / agricultural / mixed-use4272. **Purchaser profile** — resident / non-resident, first-time buyer, individual / corporate / trust4283. **Existing portfolio** — does the buyer already own additional dwellings?4294. **Rate analysis** per jurisdiction with bracket-by-bracket SDLT/LBTT/LTT/Grunderwerbsteuer/ITP/etc4305. **Foreign buyer surcharge** if applicable4316. **Relief analysis** — first-time buyer, intra-group, charity, MDR (pre-1 June 2024 UK only)4327. **VAT vs transfer tax election** for new-build properties4338. **Anti-abuse for share deals** if relevant4349. **Annual ongoing surcharges** (UK ATED, BC SVT, Toronto vacant home, etc.) — flag for separate scope43510. **Filing schedule and deadlines** per jurisdiction43611. **Reviewer questions** — open items flagged as [T2] or [T3]437438---439440## Section 13 — Self-checks441442- [ ] UK SDLT post-1 April 2025 thresholds and ADS at 5% applied443- [ ] MDR not claimed for transactions effective 1 June 2024 or later444- [ ] German Land-specific rate applied445- [ ] Spanish CCAA-specific ITP rate applied446- [ ] Italian primary-residence test confirmed against four conditions447- [ ] Singapore ABSD by buyer profile (citizen/PR/foreign) and dwelling sequence applied448- [ ] Hong Kong BSD/SSD treated as abolished from October 2023449- [ ] Australian state surcharge applied for foreign purchasers450- [ ] Canadian NRST / UHT applied for non-resident purchasers451- [ ] Share-deal anti-abuse considered (Germany 90% / France SCI / Spain Article 314 / Singapore ACD / Australia landholder)452- [ ] Output flags every [T2]/[T3] item for reviewer judgement453454---455456## Section 14 — Prohibitions457458- **Do not** quote pre-1-April-2025 SDLT thresholds for England/NI residential — they have changed.459- **Do not** apply pre-31-October-2024 ADS rate of 3% — current rate is 5%.460- **Do not** claim Multiple Dwellings Relief for transactions effective 1 June 2024 or later.461- **Do not** quote Hong Kong's BSD or SSD as in force — both were abolished October 2023.462- **Do not** advise that a German share-deal escapes Grunderwerbsteuer if ≥90% of shares change over 10 years — the §1 Abs. 2a/2b/3 anti-abuse rule applies.463- **Do not** treat trusts and corporates the same as individual buyers for ABSD / land surcharges — special, usually higher rates apply.464465---466467## Section 15 — Disclaimer468469This skill and its outputs are provided for informational and computational purposes only and do not constitute tax, legal, or financial advice. Property transfer tax rules change frequently with budget cycles and have material magnitude in transactions. Every output must be reviewed and signed off by a credentialed local conveyancing solicitor / notary / tax practitioner before completion.470471The most up-to-date, verified version of this skill is maintained at [openaccountants.com](https://openaccountants.com).472473---474475_Source: [OpenAccountants](https://openaccountants.com/skills/property-transfer-tax-matrix) — open tax Guides for AI, reviewed by named CPAs/CAs/EAs. Quality: **source-cited draft**. For always-current figures and named-accountant backing, connect the OpenAccountants MCP server (`openaccountants-mcp`)._
openaccountants