S3 Query Skill

S3 API Query Client Skill

DuckDB httpfs · AWS CLI / boto3 · rclone · S3-compatible endpoints

Purpose

Act as the client side of the S3 API — read and query data that already lives at an S3 or S3-compatible endpoint, in place, without a bulk download. The skill covers two access modes:

• In-place SQL query — DuckDB's httpfs extension runs SELECT directly against remote Parquet/CSV/JSON objects over the S3 protocol (range requests only pull the bytes a query needs). This is the pattern behind Daniel van Strien's post on querying the 2.1-billion-row Common Crawl Foundation index straight from a laptop, "for $0" — the index is published as an S3-compatible Hugging Face Storage Bucket and queried with DuckDB, no download step.
• Object-level operations — list, head, get, put, and sync via AWS CLI / boto3 / rclone, for browsing a bucket or pulling specific objects (e.g. individual WARC/WAT/WET files).

Supported Endpoint Types

⚠️ Common Crawl access note (verified live 2026-07-02)

Common Crawl's own get-started docs describe s3://commoncrawl/ as anonymously readable via --no-sign-request. Live testing during this skill's build did not confirm that — both aws --no-sign-request s3 ls s3://commoncrawl/ and an unsigned GetObject/HeadObject returned 403 Forbidden (confirmed with raw unsigned curl too, ruling out a local AWS CLI config issue). Either the bucket policy changed since those docs were written, or anonymous access now requires a signed request from an actual AWS account — this skill cannot confirm which without valid AWS credentials to test with.

What does work today, verified live: Common Crawl's HTTPS/CloudFront distribution at https://data.commoncrawl.org/<key> — confirmed 200 OK and correct 206 Partial Content on an explicit Range: request, meaning DuckDB's httpfs can query Parquet files there in place (read_parquet('https://data.commoncrawl.org/...')) with no credentials at all, using the same range-request mechanism as the S3 path. Object discovery (since ListBucket isn't available anonymously) goes through Common Crawl's own manifest files instead — e.g. crawl-data/<CRAWL-ID>/warc.paths.gz and crawl-data/<CRAWL-ID>/cc-index-table.paths.gz list every WARC/Parquet key for that crawl. See examples/common-crawl-aws-columnar-index.md for the confirmed working recipe.

If the user has real AWS credentials, re-test the signed (non-anonymous) path — the bucket may simply require sign-in now rather than being closed off entirely.

If the user names a specific tool or protocol ("use DuckDB", "use boto3", "use rclone"), honor that preference over the default routing below.

Execution Routing

Default priority order:

1. DuckDB CLI (httpfs extension) — preferred whenever the goal is to query remote data (filter, aggregate, join, sample) rather than fetch whole objects. Zero download, zero local storage.
2. AWS CLI (aws s3 / aws s3api) — for object-level browsing: ls, cp, head-object, get-object. Always available once the AWS CLI is installed; works against any S3-compatible endpoint via --endpoint-url.
3. boto3 (Python) — when the S3 access is one step inside a larger script/pipeline rather than a one-off interactive command.
4. rclone — for bulk copy/sync of many objects between two S3-compatible stores (e.g. importing an AWS bucket into a Hugging Face Storage Bucket).

Step 0 — Tool Detection (Always Run First)

command -v duckdb  && duckdb --version
command -v aws     && aws --version
command -v python3 && python3 -c "import boto3; print(boto3.__version__)" 2>/dev/null
command -v rclone  && rclone --version | head -1

Report which tools are present. If duckdb is missing and the task is a query (not a plain download), offer to install it (brew install duckdb / pip install duckdb) or fall back to aws s3api select-object-content / boto3 for the same result — ask the user which they prefer rather than silently choosing.

Step 1 — Identify Endpoint & Credentials

Before running anything, collect:

Never fabricate an access key, secret, or endpoint URL. If the user hasn't supplied credentials for a private bucket, ask for them (or for the location of an existing AWS profile / HF token) rather than guessing. Public/anonymous buckets are supposed to need no credentials — use --no-sign-request (AWS CLI) or omit the DuckDB CREATE SECRET entirely and rely on unsigned HTTPS range requests. In practice, verify this per bucket: s3://commoncrawl/ is documented as anonymous-read but was found to reject unsigned requests during this skill's build (see the access note above) — always confirm a bucket's actual anonymous-access behavior with a cheap probe (head-object on a known key) before building a workflow on top of it.

Configuring an AWS CLI profile for a non-AWS S3-compatible endpoint

# ~/.aws/config
[profile hf]
region = us-east-1
endpoint_url = https://s3.hf.co/<namespace>
s3 =
    addressing_style = path
    multipart_threshold = 2GB
    multipart_chunksize = 2GB
request_checksum_calculation = when_required
response_checksum_validation = when_required

# ~/.aws/credentials
[hf]
aws_access_key_id = HFAK...
aws_secret_access_key = ...

The two checksum settings are required for recent AWS CLI (≥ 2.23) / boto3 versions against gateways that don't parse trailing CRC32 checksums (e.g. the HF gateway).

Configuring DuckDB for a non-AWS S3-compatible endpoint

INSTALL httpfs;
LOAD httpfs;

CREATE SECRET s3_endpoint (
    TYPE s3,
    KEY_ID 'HFAK...',
    SECRET '...',
    ENDPOINT 's3.hf.co/<namespace>',   -- host only, no scheme
    URL_STYLE 'path',                  -- required — virtual-hosted style is not served
    REGION 'us-east-1'
);

For plain AWS S3 public buckets (e.g. Common Crawl), no secret is needed — DuckDB will make unsigned requests once httpfs is loaded, or set SET s3_region='us-east-1'; if the bucket enforces regional access.

boto3 client for a non-AWS S3-compatible endpoint

import boto3
from botocore.config import Config

s3 = boto3.client(
    "s3",
    endpoint_url="https://s3.hf.co/<namespace>",
    aws_access_key_id="HFAK...",
    aws_secret_access_key="...",
    config=Config(
        region_name="us-east-1",
        s3={"addressing_style": "path"},
        request_checksum_calculation="when_required",
        response_checksum_validation="when_required",
    ),
)

For anonymous AWS access, use Config(signature_version=botocore.UNSIGNED) instead of passing keys.

Step 2 — Query Templates

T1 — List bucket / prefix contents

# AWS, public bucket (works for anonymous-read buckets in general;
# s3://commoncrawl/ specifically currently rejects this — see access note above)
aws --no-sign-request s3 ls s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/ --recursive | head -50

# Non-AWS S3-compatible endpoint (profile from Step 1)
aws --profile hf s3 ls s3://my-bucket/ --recursive

T2 — Head an object (existence + metadata check)

aws --no-sign-request s3api head-object --bucket <public-bucket> --key <known-key>
aws --profile hf s3api head-object --bucket my-bucket --key some/object.parquet

T3 — Get / download a single object

# Anonymous AWS bucket (verify anonymous access works first — see access note above)
aws --no-sign-request s3 cp s3://<public-bucket>/<key> ./
# For Common Crawl specifically, use the confirmed HTTPS path instead:
curl -O "https://data.commoncrawl.org/crawl-data/<CRAWL-ID>/segments/<SEGMENT>/warc/<FILE>.warc.gz"

aws --profile hf s3 cp s3://my-bucket/models/model.safetensors ./

T4 — Query a remote Parquet/CSV/JSON object in place (no download)

INSTALL httpfs; LOAD httpfs;
SELECT * FROM read_parquet('s3://my-bucket/data.parquet') LIMIT 20;
SELECT count(*) FROM read_csv('s3://my-bucket/data.csv');

This is the core "query an S3 API endpoint" capability — DuckDB issues HTTP range requests against the object, so only the row groups/columns the query touches are transferred.

T5 — Query the Common Crawl columnar index (verified working recipe)

The Parquet-formatted index is logically at s3://commoncrawl/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/, partitioned by crawl and subset — but see the access note above: anonymous s3:// reads currently 403. The verified-working path is the HTTPS distribution, reading individual part-files discovered via the crawl's manifest (DuckDB's read_parquet glob can't enumerate an HTTPS directory the way it can an s3:// bucket, so list the part-files explicitly):

# 1. Discover the real part-file keys for a crawl + subset (no S3 ListBucket needed)
curl -s "https://data.commoncrawl.org/crawl-data/<CRAWL-ID>/cc-index-table.paths.gz" \
  | gunzip -c | grep "subset=warc/" 

-- 2. Query the discovered part-file(s) directly — no credentials required
INSTALL httpfs; LOAD httpfs;

SELECT url_host_registered_domain, count(*) AS pages
FROM read_parquet('https://data.commoncrawl.org/cc-index/table/cc-main/warc/crawl=<CRAWL-ID>/subset=warc/part-00000-....c000.gz.parquet')
WHERE url_host_tld = '<tld>'
GROUP BY url_host_registered_domain
HAVING count(*) >= 100
ORDER BY pages DESC;

If the user has real (signed) AWS credentials, the original s3://commoncrawl/... glob form with partition-filtered wildcards may still work and is more convenient (one call scans every matching part-file) — worth retrying with --profile <aws-profile> instead of --no-sign-request.

T6 — Query a crawl index published as a Hugging Face Storage Bucket

Same technique as T5, pointed at the HF S3 gateway instead of AWS — replicates the workflow in the referenced LinkedIn post:

INSTALL httpfs; LOAD httpfs;

CREATE SECRET hf (
    TYPE s3,
    KEY_ID 'HFAK...',
    SECRET '...',
    ENDPOINT 's3.hf.co/<namespace>',
    URL_STYLE 'path',
    REGION 'us-east-1'
);

SELECT * FROM read_parquet('s3://<bucket>/<path-to-index>/*.parquet')
WHERE <filter-condition>
LIMIT 100;

Ask the user for the exact bucket/path — do not guess the Common Crawl Foundation's HF bucket name; confirm it from the post/documentation they point to, or have them run aws --profile hf s3 ls s3://<bucket>/ first to discover the real layout.

T7 — Bulk copy/sync between two S3-compatible stores

rclone copy aws:my-source-bucket hf:my-bucket --progress --transfers 16 --checkers 16
rclone sync aws:my-source-bucket hf:my-bucket --progress   # mirrors, deletes extras at destination

rclone.conf needs one remote per store (type = s3, provider = AWS vs provider = Other, endpoint, force_path_style = true, list_version = 2 for gateways that only support ListObjectsV2).

Troubleshooting

Initialization Sequence

When invoked:

⛔ PRE-BUILD CHECK: Before producing output, re-read the relevant workflow section above. Apply the CLAUDE.md Anti-Drift Protocol: re-read spec section before build, gate-first validation, section-by-section delivery.

1. Run Step 0 — detect which of duckdb / aws / boto3 / rclone are available.
2. Ask whether the task is a query (filter/aggregate remote data → prefer DuckDB) or an object operation (list/get/put a specific file → prefer AWS CLI/boto3).
3. Identify the endpoint type from the user's bucket/URL (AWS, Hugging Face Storage Bucket, or other S3-compatible) and collect the Step 1 parameters. Never fabricate credentials or endpoint URLs — ask if not supplied.
4. Run the matching query template (T1–T7), substituting the user's real bucket/key/path values.
5. Report results concisely; for large query results, summarize row counts and show a sample rather than dumping everything.
6. If credentials were used, do not echo the secret key back in full in any output or memory record — reference the profile/secret name only.

Reference Files

Version

1.0.0 — Initial release. Covers AWS S3 (public + private), Hugging Face Storage Buckets, and generic S3-compatible endpoints via DuckDB httpfs, AWS CLI, boto3, and rclone.