Java Add Graalvm Native Image Support

Java GraalVM Native Image support

Analyze a Java project, transform Maven or Gradle build files and native-image metadata for its framework, and output an iterated native executable build with fixes for reflection, resources, JNI, proxies, and framework hints.

When to invoke

• "Add GraalVM Native Image support to this Java app."
• "Make this Maven project build with native:compile."
• "Fix nativeCompile errors in my Gradle project."
• "Generate reflection and resource config for native-image."
• "Use the tracing agent to create META-INF/native-image metadata."

Native Image goal

You are an expert in adding GraalVM native image support to Java applications. Your goal is to:

1. Analyze the project structure and identify the build tool (Maven or Gradle)
2. Detect the framework (Spring Boot, Quarkus, Micronaut, or generic Java)
3. Add appropriate GraalVM native image configuration
4. Build the native image
5. Analyze any build errors or warnings
6. Apply fixes iteratively until the build succeeds

Procedure

Follow Oracle's best practices for GraalVM native images and use an iterative approach to resolve issues.

Step 1: Analyze the Project

• Check if pom.xml exists (Maven) or build.gradle/build.gradle.kts exists (Gradle)
• Identify the framework by checking dependencies:
  • Spring Boot: spring-boot-starter dependencies
  • Quarkus: quarkus- dependencies
  • Micronaut: micronaut- dependencies
• Check for existing GraalVM configuration

Step 2: Add Native Image Support

For Maven Projects

Add the GraalVM Native Build Tools plugin within a native profile in pom.xml:

<profiles>
  <profile>
    <id>native</id>
    <build>
      <plugins>
        <plugin>
          <groupId>org.graalvm.buildtools</groupId>
          <artifactId>native-maven-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>[latest-version]</version>
          <extensions>true</extensions>
          <executions>
            <execution>
              <id>build-native</id>
              <goals>
                <goal>compile-no-fork</goal>
              </goals>
              <phase>package</phase>
            </execution>
          </executions>
          <configuration>
            <imageName>${project.artifactId}</imageName>
            <mainClass>${main.class}</mainClass>
            <buildArgs>
              <buildArg>--no-fallback</buildArg>
            </buildArgs>
          </configuration>
        </plugin>
      </plugins>
    </build>
  </profile>
</profiles>

For Spring Boot projects, ensure the Spring Boot Maven plugin is in the main build section:

<build>
  <plugins>
    <plugin>
      <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
    </plugin>
  </plugins>
</build>

For Gradle Projects

Add the GraalVM Native Build Tools plugin to build.gradle:

plugins {
  id 'org.graalvm.buildtools.native' version '[latest-version]'
}
graalvmNative {
  binaries {
    main {
      imageName = project.name
      mainClass = application.mainClass.get()
      buildArgs.add('--no-fallback')
    }
  }
}

Or for Kotlin DSL (build.gradle.kts):

plugins {
  id("org.graalvm.buildtools.native") version "[latest-version]"
}
graalvmNative {
  binaries {
    named("main") {
      imageName.set(project.name)
      mainClass.set(application.mainClass.get())
      buildArgs.add("--no-fallback")
    }
  }
}

Step 3: Build the Native Image

Run the appropriate build command: Maven:

mvn -Pnative native:compile

Gradle:

./gradlew nativeCompile

Spring Boot (Maven):

mvn -Pnative spring-boot:build-image

Quarkus (Maven):

./mvnw package -Pnative

Micronaut (Maven):

./mvnw package -Dpackaging=native-image

Step 4: Analyze Build Errors

Common issues and solutions:

Reflection Issues

If you see errors about missing reflection configuration, create or update src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/reflect-config.json:

[
  {
    "name": "com.example.YourClass",
    "allDeclaredConstructors": true,
    "allDeclaredMethods": true,
    "allDeclaredFields": true
  }
]

Resource Access Issues

For missing resources, create src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/resource-config.json:

{
  "resources": {
    "includes": [
      {"pattern": "application.properties"},
      {"pattern": ".*\\.yml"},
      {"pattern": ".*\\.yaml"}
    ]
  }
}

JNI Issues

For JNI-related errors, create src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/jni-config.json:

[
  {
    "name": "com.example.NativeClass",
    "methods": [
      {"name": "nativeMethod", "parameterTypes": ["java.lang.String"]}
    ]
  }
]

Dynamic Proxy Issues

For dynamic proxy errors, create src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/proxy-config.json:

[
  ["com.example.Interface1", "com.example.Interface2"]
]

Step 5: Iterate Until Success

• After each fix, rebuild the native image
• Analyze new errors and apply appropriate fixes
• Use the GraalVM tracing agent to automatically generate configuration:

  java -agentlib:native-image-agent=config-output-dir=src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image -jar target/app.jar
  

• Continue until the build succeeds without errors

Step 6: Verify the Native Image

Once built successfully:

• Test the native executable to ensure it runs correctly
• Verify startup time improvements
• Check memory footprint
• Test all critical application paths

Framework-specific considerations

Spring Boot

• Spring Boot 3.0+ has excellent native image support
• Ensure you're using compatible Spring Boot version (3.0+)
• Most Spring libraries provide GraalVM hints automatically
• Test with Spring AOT processing enabled When to Add Custom RuntimeHints: Create a RuntimeHintsRegistrar implementation only if you need to register custom hints:

import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHints;
import org.springframework.aot.hint.RuntimeHintsRegistrar;
public class MyRuntimeHints implements RuntimeHintsRegistrar {
    @Override
    public void registerHints(RuntimeHints hints, ClassLoader classLoader) {
        // Register reflection hints
        hints.reflection().registerType(
            MyClass.class,
            hint -> hint.withMembers(MemberCategory.INVOKE_DECLARED_CONSTRUCTORS,
                                     MemberCategory.INVOKE_DECLARED_METHODS)
        );
        // Register resource hints
        hints.resources().registerPattern("custom-config/*.properties");
        // Register serialization hints
        hints.serialization().registerType(MySerializableClass.class);
    }
}

Register it in your main application class:

@SpringBootApplication
@ImportRuntimeHints(MyRuntimeHints.class)
public class Application {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
    }
}

Common Spring Boot Native Image Issues:

1. Logback Configuration: Add to application.properties:

   # Disable Logback's shutdown hook in native images
   logging.register-shutdown-hook=false
   

   If using custom Logback configuration, ensure logback-spring.xml is in resources and add to RuntimeHints:

   hints.resources().registerPattern("logback-spring.xml");
   hints.resources().registerPattern("org/springframework/boot/logging/logback/*.xml");
   

2. Jackson Serialization: For custom Jackson modules or types, register them:

   hints.serialization().registerType(MyDto.class);
   hints.reflection().registerType(
       MyDto.class,
       hint -> hint.withMembers(
           MemberCategory.DECLARED_FIELDS,
           MemberCategory.INVOKE_DECLARED_CONSTRUCTORS
       )
   );
   

   Add Jackson mix-ins to reflection hints if used:

   hints.reflection().registerType(MyMixIn.class);
   

3. Jackson Modules: Ensure Jackson modules are on the classpath:

   <dependency>
       <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.datatype</groupId>
       <artifactId>jackson-datatype-jsr310</artifactId>
   </dependency>
   

Quarkus

• Quarkus is designed for native images with zero configuration in most cases
• Use @RegisterForReflection annotation for reflection needs
• Quarkus extensions handle GraalVM configuration automatically Common Quarkus Native Image Tips:

1. Reflection Registration: Use annotations instead of manual configuration:

   @RegisterForReflection(targets = {MyClass.class, MyDto.class})
   public class ReflectionConfiguration {
   }
   

   Or register entire packages:

   @RegisterForReflection(classNames = {"com.example.package.*"})
   

2. Resource Inclusion: Add to application.properties:

   quarkus.native.resources.includes=config/*.json,templates/**
   quarkus.native.additional-build-args=--initialize-at-run-time=com.example.RuntimeClass
   

3. Database Drivers: Ensure you're using Quarkus-supported JDBC extensions:

   <dependency>
       <groupId>io.quarkus</groupId>
       <artifactId>quarkus-jdbc-postgresql</artifactId>
   </dependency>
   

4. Build-Time vs Runtime Initialization: Control initialization with:

   quarkus.native.additional-build-args=--initialize-at-build-time=com.example.BuildTimeClass
   quarkus.native.additional-build-args=--initialize-at-run-time=com.example.RuntimeClass
   

5. Container Image Build: Use Quarkus container-image extensions:

   quarkus.native.container-build=true
   quarkus.native.builder-image=mandrel
   

Micronaut

• Micronaut has built-in GraalVM support with minimal configuration
• Use @ReflectionConfig and @Introspected annotations as needed
• Micronaut's ahead-of-time compilation reduces reflection requirements Common Micronaut Native Image Tips:

1. Bean Introspection: Use @Introspected for POJOs to avoid reflection:

   @Introspected
   public class MyDto {
       private String name;
       private int value;
       // getters and setters
   }
   

   Or enable package-wide introspection in application.yml:

   micronaut:
     introspection:
       packages:
         - com.example.dto
   

2. Reflection Configuration: Use declarative annotations:

   @ReflectionConfig(
       type = MyClass.class,
       accessType = ReflectionConfig.AccessType.ALL_DECLARED_CONSTRUCTORS
   )
   public class MyConfiguration {
   }
   

3. Resource Configuration: Add resources to native image:

   @ResourceConfig(
       includes = {"application.yml", "logback.xml"}
   )
   public class ResourceConfiguration {
   }
   

4. Native Image Configuration: In build.gradle:

   graalvmNative {
       binaries {
           main {
               buildArgs.add("--initialize-at-build-time=io.micronaut")
               buildArgs.add("--initialize-at-run-time=io.netty")
               buildArgs.add("--report-unsupported-elements-at-runtime")
           }
       }
   }
   

5. HTTP Client Configuration: For Micronaut HTTP clients, ensure netty is properly configured:

   micronaut:
     http:
       client:
         read-timeout: 30s
   netty:
     default:
       allocator:
         max-order: 3
   

Best practices

• Start Simple: Build with --no-fallback to catch all native image issues
• Use Tracing Agent: Run your application with the GraalVM tracing agent to automatically discover reflection, resources, and JNI requirements
• Test Thoroughly: Native images behave differently than JVM applications
• Minimize Reflection: Prefer compile-time code generation over runtime reflection
• Profile Memory: Native images have different memory characteristics
• CI/CD Integration: Add native image builds to your CI/CD pipeline
• Keep Dependencies Updated: Use latest versions for better GraalVM compatibility

Troubleshooting

1. Build Fails with Reflection Errors: Use the tracing agent or add manual reflection configuration
2. Missing Resources: Ensure resource patterns are correctly specified in resource-config.json
3. ClassNotFoundException at Runtime: Add the class to reflection configuration
4. Slow Build Times: Consider using build caching and incremental builds
5. Large Image Size: Use --gc=serial (default) or --gc=epsilon (no-op GC for testing) and analyze dependencies

Output template

### GraalVM Native Image result
**Status:** native build passed | native build failed | blocked
**Build tool:** Maven | Gradle | unknown
**Framework:** Spring Boot | Quarkus | Micronaut | generic Java
**Configuration changed**
- `pom.xml` or `build.gradle(.kts)`: <native build tools/plugin/profile changes>
- `src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/reflect-config.json`: <created | updated | not needed>
- `src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/resource-config.json`: <created | updated | not needed>
- `src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/jni-config.json`: <created | updated | not needed>
- `src/main/resources/META-INF/native-image/proxy-config.json`: <created | updated | not needed>
- Framework hints: <RuntimeHintsRegistrar | @RegisterForReflection | @Introspected/@ReflectionConfig/@ResourceConfig | not needed>
**Build command**
- `<mvn -Pnative native:compile | ./gradlew nativeCompile | framework command>`: pass | fail
**Runtime verification**
- Native executable starts: pass | fail | not run
- Critical paths tested: <summary>
- Startup and memory observations: <summary>

Quality gate

• The build tool was identified from pom.xml, build.gradle, or build.gradle.kts.
• The framework was identified from dependencies, or the project was treated as generic Java.
• Native Build Tools configuration uses org.graalvm.buildtools, native-maven-plugin, or org.graalvm.buildtools.native as appropriate.
• The build uses --no-fallback so native-image issues fail fast.
• Reflection, resource, JNI, and dynamic proxy errors are mapped to the correct META-INF/native-image config file or framework-native hint.
• Spring Boot uses AOT/runtime hints only where needed; Quarkus and Micronaut prefer their annotations and build properties over generic JSON when available.
• The tracing agent command was used only after running representative application paths.
• The final native build command was rerun after each fix until it passed or a concrete blocker remained.
• The native executable was started and critical paths were tested after a successful build.

References

• GraalVM Native Image Documentation
• Spring Boot Native Image Guide
• Quarkus Building Native Images
• Micronaut GraalVM Support
• GraalVM Reachability Metadata
• Native Build Tools